Fragment简介及使用

那年仲夏 提交于 2020-03-04 00:04:05

概述

Fragment是 Android 3.0(API 11)引入的一种设计,用于大屏幕的设备。

  • Fragment依托于Activity,受宿主Activity生命周期的影响。但它也有自己的生命周期。
  • Fragment可重复使用,一个Activity可以有多个Fragment。一个Fragment可以被多个Acitivy使用。
  • Fragment在Acitivity运行时可以动态的加载或删除。在不同分辨率设备或者横竖屏时 调用对应的Fragment布局就能很好的实现设备的适配,提升用户体验。

注:

  • AndroidX出来后,使用的Fragment库就在androidx中,下面的例子都是androidx的。
  • Fragment添加到Activity,一种通过<fragment>元素插入到布局中,另一种通过代码插入到布局中的<FrameLayout>。下面的例子就包含这两种。
  • savedInstanceState这个参数在很多时候是很有用的,在例子中的AnimeDetailFragment中简单的演示了它的使用。
  • 注意不同的设备适配合适的布局,能够很好的提升用户体验。

 

生命周期

如图,比较详细,稍微了解点或者熟悉Activity的都能直接看懂,下面例子中也通过log大致显示了这一过程。

 

 

 

基本使用

先看下例子的效果,这个例子只有一个Activity 和 两个Fragment组成:

 

上述效果,Activity布局中 是两个fragment,左侧的标题栏和右侧的详情界面。左侧的标题使用的<fragment>元素直接插入的,右侧的详情界面 通过点击动态加载的。

Activity布局文件activity_main.xml如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" >

    <fragment android:name="com.flx.testfragment.AnimeTitleFragment"
        android:id="@+id/anime_title_fragment"
        android:layout_width="120dp"
        android:layout_height="match_parent" />

    <FrameLayout android:id="@+id/anime_detail_fragment_layout"
        android:layout_toRightOf="@id/anime_title_fragment"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:background="#00BCD4" />
</RelativeLayout>

 

Activity很简单

这里继承了androidx.fragment.app.FragmentActivity。

package com.flx.testfragment;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentActivity;
import androidx.fragment.app.FragmentTransaction;

public class MainActivity extends FragmentActivity implements AnimeTitleFragment.OnAmimeSelectedListener {

    private static final String TAG = "flx_fragment";

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate( savedInstanceState );
        setContentView( R.layout.activity_main );
    }

    @Override
    public void onAnimeSelected(int position) {
        Log.d( TAG, "onArticleSelected: position=" + position );
        //创建一个详情界面(detailFragment),并出入参数position
        AnimeDetailFragment detailFragment = new AnimeDetailFragment();
        Bundle args = new Bundle();
        args.putInt(AnimeDetailFragment.ARG_POSITION, position);
        detailFragment.setArguments(args);
        FragmentTransaction transaction = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction();

        //用detailFragment替换anime_detail_fragment_layout中的内容
        transaction.replace(R.id.anime_detail_fragment_layout, detailFragment);
        //将事务添加到返回栈中,允许用户通过按返回按钮返回上个fragment状态。该返回栈由Activity管理。
        transaction.addToBackStack(null);

        //提交事务
        transaction.commit();
    }
}

 

AnimeTitleFragment.java:

在布局文件中通过<fragment>元素插入的,在Activity创建时即生成,即效果图中的左侧标题栏。这里通过继承ListFragment实现,数据和布局使用ArrayAdapter实现关联(Adapter不太了解的,可以参考我对应的其他文章),同时这里的layout考虑了一点兼容性。具体代码如下:

package com.flx.testfragment;

import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Build;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;

import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import androidx.fragment.app.ListFragment;

public class AnimeTitleFragment extends ListFragment {
    AnimeTitleFragment.OnAmimeSelectedListener mCallback;

    //Activity实现这个接口
    public interface OnAmimeSelectedListener {
        void onAnimeSelected(int position);
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        // We need to use a different list item layout for devices older than Honeycomb
        int layout = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB ?
                android.R.layout.simple_list_item_activated_1 : android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1;

        String[] anime_names = this.getResources().getStringArray( R.array.anime_name );
        //使用ArrayAdapter显示所有标题数据
        setListAdapter(new ArrayAdapter<String>(getActivity(), layout, anime_names));
    }

    @Override
    public void onAttach(Context context) {
        super.onAttach(context);
        // 确保Activity实现该接口
        try {
            mCallback = (AnimeTitleFragment.OnAmimeSelectedListener) context;
        } catch (ClassCastException e) {
            throw new ClassCastException(context.toString()
                    + " must implement OnAmimeSelectedListener");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onListItemClick(ListView l, View v, int position, long id) {
        //传入position数据,即选中了那个
        mCallback.onAnimeSelected(position);

        getListView().setItemChecked(position, true);
    }
}

 

AnimeDetailFragment.java:

效果图中的详情界面,根据点击不同的标题显示不同的内容。这里简单使用了savedInstanceState,合理的使用对于某些场景是很有帮助的。具体代码:

package com.flx.testfragment;

import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;
import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;

public class AnimeDetailFragment extends Fragment {
    private static final String TAG = "flx_AnimeDetailFragment";

    public static final String ARG_POSITION = "position";
    private int mCurrentPosition = -1;

    public static String[] ANIME_NAMES;
    public static String[] ANIME_AUTHORS;
    public static int[] COVER_IMGS = {R.drawable.hzw1, R.drawable.jjdjr1, R.drawable.hyrz1,
            R.drawable.zchzt1, R.drawable.qsmy1, R.drawable.xyj1, R.drawable.hlw1};
    private TextView mAnimeName;
    private TextView mAnimeAuthor;
    private ImageView mCoverImg;

    @Override
    public void onAttach(Context context) {
        Log.d( TAG, "onAttach: " + this );
        super.onAttach( context );
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        Log.d( TAG, "onCreate: " + this );
        super.onCreate( savedInstanceState );
    }

    @Nullable
    @Override
    public View onCreateView(@NonNull LayoutInflater inflater, @Nullable ViewGroup container, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        Log.d( TAG, "onCreateView: " + this );
        ANIME_NAMES = getActivity().getResources().getStringArray( R.array.anime_name );
        ANIME_AUTHORS = getActivity().getResources().getStringArray( R.array.anime_author );

        //savedInstanceState,这个参数很有用,在activity被重新创建时(如旋转屏幕)等,恢复之前的状态。
        if (savedInstanceState != null) {
            mCurrentPosition = savedInstanceState.getInt(ARG_POSITION);
        }

        View view = inflater.inflate( R.layout.anime_detail_view, container, false );
        mAnimeName = view.findViewById( R.id.anime_name_txt );
        mAnimeAuthor = view.findViewById( R.id.anime_author_txt );
        mCoverImg = view.findViewById( R.id.anime_cover_img );
        return view;
    }

    @Override
    public void onActivityCreated(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        Log.d( TAG, "onActivityCreated: " + this);
        super.onActivityCreated( savedInstanceState );
    }

    @Override
    public void onStart() {
        Log.d( TAG, "onStart: " + this );
        super.onStart();

        Bundle args = getArguments();
        if (args != null) {
            //根据传入的参数ARG_POSITION 更新
            updateAnimeDetailView(args.getInt(ARG_POSITION));
        } else if (mCurrentPosition != -1) {
            // Set article based on saved instance state defined during onCreateView
            //根据保存的状态中信息 更新
            updateAnimeDetailView(mCurrentPosition);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onResume() {
        Log.d( TAG, "onResume: " + this );
        super.onResume();
    }

    @Override
    public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
        Log.d( TAG, "onSaveInstanceState: " + this );
        super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);

        //保存fragment当前状态的信息。
        outState.putInt(ARG_POSITION, mCurrentPosition);
    }

    public void updateAnimeDetailView(int position) {
        mAnimeName.setText(ANIME_NAMES[position]);
        mAnimeAuthor.setText(ANIME_AUTHORS[position]);
        mCoverImg.setImageResource(COVER_IMGS[position]);
        mCurrentPosition = position;
    }

    @Override
    public void onPause() {
        Log.d( TAG, "onPause: " + this );
        super.onPause();
    }

    @Override
    public void onStop() {
        Log.d( TAG, "onStop: " + this );
        super.onStop();
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroyView() {
        Log.d( TAG, "onDestroyView: " + this );
        super.onDestroyView();
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        Log.d( TAG, "onDestroy: " + this );
        super.onDestroy();
    }

    @Override
    public void onDetach() {
        Log.d( TAG, "onDetach: " + this );
        super.onDetach();
    }
}

 

一些资源文件:

AnimeDetailFragment的布局文件:anime_detail_view.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <ImageView android:id="@+id/anime_cover_img"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="150dp"
        android:layout_margin="10dp"
        android:scaleType="fitXY" />

    <TextView android:id="@+id/anime_name_txt"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="30dp"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:textStyle="bold"
        android:textSize="20sp"/>

    <TextView android:id="@+id/anime_author_txt"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="30dp"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:textStyle="italic"
        android:textSize="15sp"/>
</LinearLayout>

 

strings.xml:

<array name="anime_name">
        <item>海贼王</item>
        <item>进击的巨人</item>
        <item>火影忍者</item>
        <item>斩赤红之瞳</item>
        <item>秦时明月</item>
        <item>西游记</item>
        <item>葫芦娃</item>
    </array>

    <array name="anime_author">
        <item>尾田荣一郎</item>
        <item>谏山创</item>
        <item>岸本齐史</item>
        <item>タカヒロ</item>
        <item>玄机科技</item>
        <item>央视</item>
        <item>上海美术电影</item>
    </array>

 

 生命周期流程

最后,看下log,看看fragment的生命周期

操作:点击第一个标题(海贼王),然后点击第二个标题(进击的巨人),最后点击返回键,下面log的过程 与 生命周期那个图 是一致的,不太明白的,可以仔细看下如下log。

//点击第一个标题,创建了fragment1(52888e9)
2020-03-03 16:22:48.316 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_fragment: onArticleSelected: position=0
2020-03-03 16:22:48.344 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onAttach: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:48.344 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onCreate: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:48.347 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onCreateView: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:48.350 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onActivityCreated: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:48.350 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onStart: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:48.357 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onResume: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
//点击第二个标题,创建了fragment2(371a2d2), fragment1(52888e9)进入生命周期到onDestroyView
2020-03-03 16:22:51.346 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_fragment: onArticleSelected: position=1
2020-03-03 16:22:51.349 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onAttach: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:51.349 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onCreate: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:51.350 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onPause: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:51.350 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onStop: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:51.350 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onDestroyView: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:51.365 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onCreateView: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:51.369 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onActivityCreated: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:51.369 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onStart: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:51.391 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onResume: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
//按了返回键,移除了fragment2(371a2d2), fragment1(52888e9)重新恢复。fragment2(371a2d2)执行到onDetach 被销毁。 
2020-03-03 16:22:53.144 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onPause: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:53.144 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onStop: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:53.144 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onDestroyView: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:53.148 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onDestroy: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:53.148 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onDetach: AnimeDetailFragment{371a2d2 #2 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:53.148 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onCreateView: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:53.150 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onActivityCreated: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:53.150 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onStart: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}
2020-03-03 16:22:53.151 20442-20442/com.flx.testfragment D/flx_AnimeDetailFragment: onResume: AnimeDetailFragment{52888e9 #1 id=0x7f090020}

 

Fragment使用并不难,用好了,能构建很灵活的界面,做到很好的适配,提升用户体验。

 

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