在对HDFS格式化，执行hadoop namenode -format命令时，出现未知的主机名的问题，异常信息如下所示：
[shirdrn@localhost bin]$ hadoop namenode -format
11/06/22 07:33:31 INFO namenode.NameNode: STARTUP_MSG:
/************************************************************
STARTUP_MSG: Starting NameNode
STARTUP_MSG: host = java.net.UnknownHostException: localhost.localdomain: localhost.localdomain
STARTUP_MSG: args = [-format]
STARTUP_MSG: version = 0.20.0
STARTUP_MSG: build = https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/hadoop/core/branches/branch-0.20 -r 763504; compiled by 'ndaley' on Thu Apr 9 05:18:40 UTC 2009
************************************************************/
Re-format filesystem in /tmp/hadoop/hadoop-shirdrn/dfs/name ? (Y or N) Y
11/06/22 07:33:36 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: fsOwner=shirdrn,shirdrn
11/06/22 07:33:36 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: supergroup=supergroup
11/06/22 07:33:36 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: isPermissionEnabled=true
11/06/22 07:33:36 INFO metrics.MetricsUtil: Unable to obtain hostName
java.net.UnknownHostException: localhost.localdomain: localhost.localdomain
at java.net.InetAddress.getLocalHost(InetAddress.java:1353)
at org.apache.hadoop.metrics.MetricsUtil.getHostName(MetricsUtil.java:91)
at org.apache.hadoop.metrics.MetricsUtil.createRecord(MetricsUtil.java:80)
at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.FSDirectory.initialize(FSDirectory.java:73)
at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.FSDirectory.<init>(FSDirectory.java:68)
at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.FSNamesystem.<init>(FSNamesystem.java:370)
at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.NameNode.format(NameNode.java:853)
at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.NameNode.createNameNode(NameNode.java:947)
at org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.NameNode.main(NameNode.java:964)
11/06/22 07:33:36 INFO common.Storage: Image file of size 97 saved in 0 seconds.
11/06/22 07:33:36 INFO common.Storage: Storage directory /tmp/hadoop/hadoop-shirdrn/dfs/name has been successfully formatted.
11/06/22 07:33:36 INFO namenode.NameNode: SHUTDOWN_MSG:
/************************************************************
SHUTDOWN_MSG: Shutting down NameNode at java.net.UnknownHostException: localhost.localdomain: localhost.localdomain
************************************************************/
我们通过执行hostname命令可以看到：
[shirdrn@localhost bin]# hostname
localhost.localdomain
也就是说，Hadoop在格式化HDFS的时候，通过hostname命令获取到的主机名是localhost.localdomain，然后在/etc/hosts文件中进行映射的时候，没有找到，看下我的/etc/hosts内容：
[root@localhost bin]# cat /etc/hosts
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost
192.168.1.103 localhost localhost
也就说，通过localhost.localdomain根本无法映射到一个IP地址，所以报错了。
此时，我们查看一下/etc/sysconfig/network文件：
NETWORKING=yes
NETWORKING_IPV6=yes
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
可见，执行hostname获取到这里配置的HOSTNAME的值。
解决办法：
修改/etc/sysconfig/network中HOSTNAME的值为localhost，或者自己指定的主机名，保证localhost在/etc/hosts文件中映射为正确的IP地址，然后重新启动网络服务：（如果下面方法行不通，只能重启一下了）
[root@localhost bin]# /etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart
Shutting down interface eth0: [ OK ]
Shutting down loopback interface: [ OK ]
Bringing up loopback interface: [ OK ]
Bringing up interface eth0:
Determining IP information for eth0... done.
[ OK ]
这时，再执行格式化HDFS命令，以及启动HDFS集群就正常了：
[shirdrn@localhost bin]$ hadoop namenode -format
11/06/22 08:02:37 INFO namenode.NameNode: STARTUP_MSG:
/************************************************************
STARTUP_MSG: Starting NameNode
STARTUP_MSG: host = localhost/127.0.0.1
STARTUP_MSG: args = [-format]
STARTUP_MSG: version = 0.20.0
STARTUP_MSG: build = https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/hadoop/core/branches/branch-0.20 -r 763504; compiled by 'ndaley' on Thu Apr 9 05:18:40 UTC 2009
************************************************************/
11/06/22 08:02:37 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: fsOwner=shirdrn,shirdrn
11/06/22 08:02:37 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: supergroup=supergroup
11/06/22 08:02:37 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: isPermissionEnabled=true
11/06/22 08:02:37 INFO common.Storage: Image file of size 97 saved in 0 seconds.
11/06/22 08:02:37 INFO common.Storage: Storage directory /tmp/hadoop/hadoop-shirdrn/dfs/name has been successfully formatted.
11/06/22 08:02:37 INFO namenode.NameNode: SHUTDOWN_MSG:
/************************************************************
SHUTDOWN_MSG: Shutting down NameNode at localhost/127.0.0.1
************************************************************/
[shirdrn@localhost bin]$ start-all.sh
starting namenode, logging to /home/shirdrn/eclipse/eclipse-3.5.2/hadoop/hadoop-0.20.0/logs/hadoop-shirdrn-namenode-localhost.out
localhost: starting datanode, logging to /home/shirdrn/eclipse/eclipse-3.5.2/hadoop/hadoop-0.20.0/logs/hadoop-shirdrn-datanode-localhost.out
localhost: starting secondarynamenode, logging to /home/shirdrn/eclipse/eclipse-3.5.2/hadoop/hadoop-0.20.0/logs/hadoop-shirdrn-secondarynamenode-localhost.out
starting jobtracker, logging to /home/shirdrn/eclipse/eclipse-3.5.2/hadoop/hadoop-0.20.0/logs/hadoop-shirdrn-jobtracker-localhost.out
localhost: starting tasktracker, logging to /home/shirdrn/eclipse/eclipse-3.5.2/hadoop/hadoop-0.20.0/logs/hadoop-shirdrn-tasktracker-localhost.out
[shirdrn@localhost bin]$ jps
8192 TaskTracker
7905 DataNode
7806 NameNode
8065 JobTracker
8002 SecondaryNameNode
8234 Jps
来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/houji/p/5282925.html