JavaScript类/对象可以具有构造函数吗? 它们是如何创建的?
#1楼
这是一个构造函数:
function MyClass() {}
当你做
var myObj = new MyClass();
执行MyClass
,并返回该类的新对象。
#2楼
我想我会发布有关javascript闭包的信息,因为目前还没有人使用闭包。
var user = function(id) {
// private properties & methods goes here.
var someValue;
function doSomething(data) {
someValue = data;
};
// constructor goes here.
if (!id) return null;
// public properties & methods goes here.
return {
id: id,
method: function(params) {
doSomething(params);
}
};
};
欢迎对此解决方案提出意见和建议。 :)
#3楼
这是我有时在JavaScript中用于OOP相似行为的模板。 如您所见,您可以使用闭包来模拟私有(静态和实例)成员。 new MyClass()
将返回的对象是仅具有分配给this
对象的属性,并且位于“类”的prototype
对象中。
var MyClass = (function () {
// private static
var nextId = 1;
// constructor
var cls = function () {
// private
var id = nextId++;
var name = 'Unknown';
// public (this instance only)
this.get_id = function () { return id; };
this.get_name = function () { return name; };
this.set_name = function (value) {
if (typeof value != 'string')
throw 'Name must be a string';
if (value.length < 2 || value.length > 20)
throw 'Name must be 2-20 characters long.';
name = value;
};
};
// public static
cls.get_nextId = function () {
return nextId;
};
// public (shared across instances)
cls.prototype = {
announce: function () {
alert('Hi there! My id is ' + this.get_id() + ' and my name is "' + this.get_name() + '"!\r\n' +
'The next fellow\'s id will be ' + MyClass.get_nextId() + '!');
}
};
return cls;
})();
有人问我使用这种模式的继承,所以去了:
// It's a good idea to have a utility class to wire up inheritance.
function inherit(cls, superCls) {
// We use an intermediary empty constructor to create an
// inheritance chain, because using the super class' constructor
// might have side effects.
var construct = function () {};
construct.prototype = superCls.prototype;
cls.prototype = new construct;
cls.prototype.constructor = cls;
cls.super = superCls;
}
var MyChildClass = (function () {
// constructor
var cls = function (surName) {
// Call super constructor on this instance (any arguments
// to the constructor would go after "this" in call(…)).
this.constructor.super.call(this);
// Shadowing instance properties is a little bit less
// intuitive, but can be done:
var getName = this.get_name;
// public (this instance only)
this.get_name = function () {
return getName.call(this) + ' ' + surName;
};
};
inherit(cls, MyClass); // <-- important!
return cls;
})();
并使用所有示例:
var bob = new MyClass();
bob.set_name('Bob');
bob.announce(); // id is 1, name shows as "Bob"
var john = new MyChildClass('Doe');
john.set_name('John');
john.announce(); // id is 2, name shows as "John Doe"
alert(john instanceof MyClass); // true
如您所见,这些类之间可以正确交互(它们共享MyClass
的静态ID, announce
方法使用正确的get_name
方法,等等)。
需要注意的一件事是需要对实例属性进行阴影处理。 实际上,您可以使inherit
函数遍历作为函数的所有实例属性(使用hasOwnProperty
),并自动添加super_<method name>
属性。 这样您就可以调用this.super_get_name()
而不是将其存储在一个临时值中并使用call
对其进行绑定。
对于原型上的方法,您无需担心上述问题,如果您要访问超类的原型方法,则可以调用this.constructor.super.prototype.methodName
。 如果您想使其更简洁一些,您当然可以添加便捷属性。 :)
#4楼
使用原型:
function Box(color) // Constructor
{
this.color = color;
}
Box.prototype.getColor = function()
{
return this.color;
};
隐藏“颜色”(有点像私有成员变量):
function Box(col)
{
var color = col;
this.getColor = function()
{
return color;
};
}
用法:
var blueBox = new Box("blue");
alert(blueBox.getColor()); // will alert blue
var greenBox = new Box("green");
alert(greenBox.getColor()); // will alert green
#5楼
在我看来,你们中的大多数人都在提供getter和setter的示例而不是构造函数,即http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructor_(object-oriented_programming) 。
Lunched-dan更近了,但是该示例在jsFiddle中不起作用。
本示例创建一个私有构造函数,该函数仅在对象创建期间运行。
var color = 'black';
function Box()
{
// private property
var color = '';
// private constructor
var __construct = function() {
alert("Object Created.");
color = 'green';
}()
// getter
this.getColor = function() {
return color;
}
// setter
this.setColor = function(data) {
color = data;
}
}
var b = new Box();
alert(b.getColor()); // should be green
b.setColor('orange');
alert(b.getColor()); // should be orange
alert(color); // should be black
如果要分配公共属性,则可以按以下方式定义构造函数:
var color = 'black';
function Box()
{
// public property
this.color = '';
// private constructor
var __construct = function(that) {
alert("Object Created.");
that.color = 'green';
}(this)
// getter
this.getColor = function() {
return this.color;
}
// setter
this.setColor = function(color) {
this.color = color;
}
}
var b = new Box();
alert(b.getColor()); // should be green
b.setColor('orange');
alert(b.getColor()); // should be orange
alert(color); // should be black
#6楼
这种模式对我很好。 使用这种模式,您可以在单独的文件中创建类,然后“根据需要”将它们加载到整个应用程序中。
// Namespace
// (Creating new if not instantiated yet, otherwise, use existing and just add to it)
var myApp = myApp || {};
// "Package"
// Similar to how you would establish a package in other languages
(function() {
// "Class"
var MyClass = function(params) {
this.initialize(params);
}
// "Private Static" vars
// - Only accessible to functions in this class.
// - Doesn't get wiped out when we create a new instance.
var countInstances = 0;
var allInstances = [];
// "Private Static" functions
// - Same as above, but it's a function accessible
// only to other functions in this class.
function doSomething(){
}
// "Public Static" vars
// - Everyone has access.
// - Doesn't get wiped out when we create a new instance.
MyClass.counter = 0;
// "Public Static" functions
// - Same as above, but anyone can call this "static method".
// - Kinda like a singleton class situation.
MyClass.foobar = function(){
}
// Public properties and methods are built into the "prototype"
// - This is how each instance can become unique unto itself.
// - Establishing "p" as "local" (Static Private) variable
// simply so we don't have to keep typing "MyClass.prototype"
// for each property and function.
var p = MyClass.prototype;
// "Public" vars
p.id = null;
p.firstname = null;
p.lastname = null;
// "Private" vars
// - Only used by "this" instance.
// - There isn't "true" privacy for each
// instance so we have to fake it.
// - By tradition, we indicate "privacy"
// by prefixing it with an underscore.
// - So technically, anyone can access, but we simply
// don't tell anyone about it (e.g. in your API)
// so no one knows about it :)
p._foo = null;
p.initialize = function(params){
this.id = MyClass.counter++;
this.firstname = params.firstname;
this.lastname = params.lastname;
MyClass.counter++;
countInstances++;
allInstances.push(this);
}
p.doAlert = function(theMessage){
alert(this.firstname + " " + this.lastname + " said: " + theMessage + ". My id:" + this.id + ". Total People:" + countInstances + ". First Person:" + allInstances[0].firstname + " " + allInstances[0].lastname);
}
// Assign class to app
myApp.MyClass = MyClass;
// Close the "Package"
}());
// Usage example:
var bob = new myApp.MyClass({ firstname : "bob",
lastname : "er"
});
bob.doAlert("hello there");
#7楼
我发现本教程非常有用。 大多数jQuery插件都使用这种方法。
var Class = function(methods) {
var klass = function() {
this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
};
for (var property in methods) {
klass.prototype[property] = methods[property];
}
if (!klass.prototype.initialize) klass.prototype.initialize = function(){};
return klass;
};
现在,
var Person = Class({
initialize: function(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
},
toString: function() {
return "My name is "+this.name+" and I am "+this.age+" years old.";
}
});
var alice = new Person('Alice', 26);
alert(alice.name); //displays "Alice"
alert(alice.age); //displays "26"
alert(alice.toString()); //displays "My name is Alice and I am 26 years old" in most browsers.
//IE 8 and below display the Object's toString() instead! "[Object object]"
#8楼
此处的示例: http : //jsfiddle.net/FZ5nC/
试试这个模板:
<script>
//============================================================
// Register Namespace
//------------------------------------------------------------
var Name = Name||{};
Name.Space = Name.Space||{};
//============================================================
// Constructor - MUST BE AT TOP OF FILE
//------------------------------------------------------------
Name.Space.ClassName = function Name_Space_ClassName(){}
//============================================================
// Member Functions & Variables
//------------------------------------------------------------
Name.Space.ClassName.prototype = {
v1: null
,v2: null
,f1: function Name_Space_ClassName_f1(){}
}
//============================================================
// Static Variables
//------------------------------------------------------------
Name.Space.ClassName.staticVar = 0;
//============================================================
// Static Functions
//------------------------------------------------------------
Name.Space.ClassName.staticFunc = function Name_Space_ClassName_staticFunc(){
}
</script>
如果要定义静态类,则必须调整名称空间:
<script>
//============================================================
// Register Namespace
//------------------------------------------------------------
var Shape = Shape||{};
Shape.Rectangle = Shape.Rectangle||{};
// In previous example, Rectangle was defined in the constructor.
</script>
示例类:
<script>
//============================================================
// Register Namespace
//------------------------------------------------------------
var Shape = Shape||{};
//============================================================
// Constructor - MUST BE AT TOP OF FILE
//------------------------------------------------------------
Shape.Rectangle = function Shape_Rectangle(width, height, color){
this.Width = width;
this.Height = height;
this.Color = color;
}
//============================================================
// Member Functions & Variables
//------------------------------------------------------------
Shape.Rectangle.prototype = {
Width: null
,Height: null
,Color: null
,Draw: function Shape_Rectangle_Draw(canvasId, x, y){
var canvas = document.getElementById(canvasId);
var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
context.fillStyle = this.Color;
context.fillRect(x, y, this.Width, this.Height);
}
}
//============================================================
// Static Variables
//------------------------------------------------------------
Shape.Rectangle.Sides = 4;
//============================================================
// Static Functions
//------------------------------------------------------------
Shape.Rectangle.CreateSmallBlue = function Shape_Rectangle_CreateSmallBlue(){
return new Shape.Rectangle(5,8,'#0000ff');
}
Shape.Rectangle.CreateBigRed = function Shape_Rectangle_CreateBigRed(){
return new Shape.Rectangle(50,25,'#ff0000');
}
</script>
示例实例:
<canvas id="painting" width="500" height="500"></canvas>
<script>
alert("A rectangle has "+Shape.Rectangle.Sides+" sides.");
var r1 = new Shape.Rectangle(16, 12, "#aa22cc");
r1.Draw("painting",0, 20);
var r2 = Shape.Rectangle.CreateSmallBlue();
r2.Draw("painting", 0, 0);
Shape.Rectangle.CreateBigRed().Draw("painting", 10, 0);
</script>
注意函数定义为AB =函数A_B()。 这是为了使脚本更易于调试。 打开Chrome的Inspect Element面板,运行此脚本,然后展开调试回溯:
<script>
//============================================================
// Register Namespace
//------------------------------------------------------------
var Fail = Fail||{};
//============================================================
// Static Functions
//------------------------------------------------------------
Fail.Test = function Fail_Test(){
A.Func.That.Does.Not.Exist();
}
Fail.Test();
</script>
#9楼
从上面使用Blixt的出色模板时,我发现它不能与多级继承(MyGrandChildClass扩展MyChildClass扩展MyClass)配合使用-反复调用第一个父级的构造函数。 因此,这是一个简单的解决方法–如果您需要多级继承,而不是使用this.constructor.super.call(this, surName);
使用chainSuper(this).call(this, surName);
链函数定义如下:
function chainSuper(cls) {
if (cls.__depth == undefined) cls.__depth = 1; else cls.__depth++;
var depth = cls.__depth;
var sup = cls.constructor.super;
while (depth > 1) {
if (sup.super != undefined) sup = sup.super;
depth--;
}
return sup;
}
#10楼
如果您使用Typescript,它们会执行-MicroSoft开放源代码:-)
class BankAccount {
balance: number;
constructor(initially: number) {
this.balance = initially;
}
deposit(credit: number) {
this.balance += credit;
return this.balance;
}
}
Typescript可让您“伪造”已编译为javascript构造的OO构造。 如果您正在启动一个大型项目,则可能会节省大量时间,并且它刚刚达到里程碑1.0版本。
http://www.typescriptlang.org/Content/TypeScript%20Language%20Specification.pdf
上面的代码被“编译”为:
var BankAccount = (function () {
function BankAccount(initially) {
this.balance = initially;
}
BankAccount.prototype.deposit = function (credit) {
this.balance += credit;
return this.balance;
};
return BankAccount;
})();
#11楼
http://www.jsoops.net/对于Js中的oop非常有用。 如果提供私有,受保护的公共变量和函数,以及继承功能。 示例代码:
var ClassA = JsOops(function (pri, pro, pub)
{// pri = private, pro = protected, pub = public
pri.className = "I am A ";
this.init = function (var1)// constructor
{
pri.className += var1;
}
pub.getData = function ()
{
return "ClassA(Top=" + pro.getClassName() + ", This=" + pri.getClassName()
+ ", ID=" + pro.getClassId() + ")";
}
pri.getClassName = function () { return pri.className; }
pro.getClassName = function () { return pri.className; }
pro.getClassId = function () { return 1; }
});
var newA = new ClassA("Class");
//***Access public function
console.log(typeof (newA.getData));
// function
console.log(newA.getData());
// ClassA(Top=I am A Class, This=I am A Class, ID=1)
//***You can not access constructor, private and protected function
console.log(typeof (newA.init)); // undefined
console.log(typeof (newA.className)); // undefined
console.log(typeof (newA.pro)); // undefined
console.log(typeof (newA.getClassName)); // undefined
#12楼
只是为了提供一些变化。 ds.oop是用javascript中的构造函数声明类的好方法。 它支持所有可能的继承类型(包括甚至c#不支持的1种继承)以及很好的接口。
var Color = ds.make.class({
type: 'Color',
constructor: function (r,g,b) {
this.r = r; /* now r,g, and b are available to */
this.g = g; /* other methods in the Color class */
this.b = b;
}
});
var red = new Color(255,0,0); // using the new keyword to instantiate the class
#13楼
在大多数情况下,您必须以某种方式声明所需的属性,然后才能调用传递此信息的方法。 如果您不必最初设置属性,则可以像这样在对象内调用方法。 可能不是最漂亮的方法,但这仍然有效。
var objectA = {
color: '';
callColor : function(){
console.log(this.color);
}
this.callColor();
}
var newObject = new objectA();
#14楼
在JavaScript中,调用类型定义了函数的行为:
- 直接调用
func()
- 对对象
obj.func()
方法调用 - 构造函数调用
new func()
- 间接调用
func.call()
或func.apply()
使用new
运算符进行调用时,该函数作为构造函数被调用:
function Cat(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Cat.prototype.getName = function() {
return this.name;
}
var myCat = new Cat('Sweet'); // Cat function invoked as a constructor
JavaScript中的任何实例或原型对象都有一个属性constructor
,它是指构造函数。
Cat.prototype.constructor === Cat // => true
myCat.constructor === Cat // => true
检查这个职位约constructor属性。
#15楼
是的,您可以在类声明中定义一个构造函数,如下所示:
class Rectangle {
constructor(height, width) {
this.height = height;
this.width = width;
}
}
#16楼
也许它变得更简单了,但是下面是我现在在2017年提出的内容:
class obj {
constructor(in_shape, in_color){
this.shape = in_shape;
this.color = in_color;
}
getInfo(){
return this.shape + ' and ' + this.color;
}
setShape(in_shape){
this.shape = in_shape;
}
setColor(in_color){
this.color = in_color;
}
}
在使用上面的类时,我有以下内容:
var newobj = new obj('square', 'blue');
//Here, we expect to see 'square and blue'
console.log(newobj.getInfo());
newobj.setColor('white');
newobj.setShape('sphere');
//Since we've set new color and shape, we expect the following: 'sphere and white'
console.log(newobj.getInfo());
如您所见,构造函数接受两个参数,然后我们设置对象的属性。 我们还使用setter
函数更改了对象的颜色和形状,并证明在这些更改后调用getInfo()
保留其更改。
有点晚了,但是我希望这会有所帮助。 我已经通过mocha
单元测试对此进行了测试,并且运行良好。
#17楼
这里我们需要注意Java脚本中的一点,它是一种无类语言,但是我们可以通过使用Java脚本中的函数来实现。 实现此目的的最常见方法是,需要在Java脚本中创建一个函数,并使用new 关键字创建一个对象,然后使用此 关键字定义属性和方法。下面是示例。
// Function constructor
var calculator=function(num1 ,num2){
this.name="This is function constructor";
this.mulFunc=function(){
return num1*num2
};
};
var objCal=new calculator(10,10);// This is a constructor in java script
alert(objCal.mulFunc());// method call
alert(objCal.name);// property call
//Constructors With Prototypes
var calculator=function(){
this.name="Constructors With Prototypes";
};
calculator.prototype.mulFunc=function(num1 ,num2){
return num1*num2;
};
var objCal=new calculator();// This is a constructor in java script
alert(objCal.mulFunc(10,10));// method call
alert(objCal.name); // property call
#18楼
那么“构造函数”属性的意义是什么? 无法找出在哪里有用的任何想法?
构造器属性的重点是提供一种伪装JavaScript has classes的方法。 您无法做的一件事是在创建对象后更改对象的构造函数。 情况很复杂。
几年前,我在上面写了一篇相当全面的文章: http : //joost.zeekat.nl/constructors-considered-mildly-confusing.html
#19楼
使用上面的Nick的示例,您可以使用return语句作为对象定义中的最后一条语句,为不带参数的对象创建构造函数。 返回如下所示的构造函数,每次创建对象时,它将在__construct中运行代码:
function Box()
{
var __construct = function() {
alert("Object Created.");
this.color = 'green';
}
this.color = '';
this.getColor = function() {
return this.color;
}
__construct();
}
var b = new Box();
来源:CSDN
作者:asdfgh0077
链接:https://blog.csdn.net/asdfgh0077/article/details/104196083