DiligentEngine的API是D3d11和D3D12风格的，vulkan也被封装成了这种风格的API。在了解Diligent Engine是如何对vulkan进行封装之前，我准备先学习下Vulkan。知乎funchun的编程指南是中文版，英文不好，准备先看一版中文版，回头再去研习其他的内容。

1.Vulkan编程指南阅读摘要

1.1 Vulkan SDK

安装完成之后，安装目录有如下文件。在阅读编程指南的过程中，我并未采用指南中的demo code来进行研究，而是使用的SDK自带的demo进行学习。

1.2 Vulkan SDK Demo

validation layers

    /*
     * This is info for a temp callback to use during CreateInstance.
     * After the instance is created, we use the instance-based
     * function to register the final callback.
     */
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT dbg_messenger_create_info;
    if (demo->validate) {
        // VK_EXT_debug_utils style
        dbg_messenger_create_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.pNext = NULL;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.flags = 0;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.messageSeverity =
            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
                                                VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
                                                VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.pfnUserCallback = debug_messenger_callback;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.pUserData = demo;
        inst_info.pNext = &dbg_messenger_create_info;
    }

  if (demo->validate) {
        // Setup VK_EXT_debug_utils function pointers always (we use them for
        // debug labels and names).
        demo->CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT =
            (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(demo->inst, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
        demo->DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT =
            (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(demo->inst, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
        demo->SubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT =
            (PFN_vkSubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(demo->inst, "vkSubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT");
        demo->CmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT =
            (PFN_vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(demo->inst, "vkCmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
        demo->CmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT =
            (PFN_vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(demo->inst, "vkCmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
        demo->CmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT =
            (PFN_vkCmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(demo->inst, "vkCmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT");
        demo->SetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT =
            (PFN_vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(demo->inst, "vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT");
        if (NULL == demo->CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT || NULL == demo->DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT ||
            NULL == demo->SubmitDebugUtilsMessageEXT || NULL == demo->CmdBeginDebugUtilsLabelEXT ||
            NULL == demo->CmdEndDebugUtilsLabelEXT || NULL == demo->CmdInsertDebugUtilsLabelEXT ||
            NULL == demo->SetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT) {
            ERR_EXIT("GetProcAddr: Failed to init VK_EXT_debug_utils\n", "GetProcAddr: Failure");
        }

        err = demo->CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(demo->inst, &dbg_messenger_create_info, NULL, &demo->dbg_messenger);
        switch (err) {
            case VK_SUCCESS:
                break;
            case VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY:
                ERR_EXIT("CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT: out of host memory\n", "CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT Failure");
                break;
            default:
                ERR_EXIT("CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT: unknown failure\n", "CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT Failure");
                break;
        }
    }

instance extensions

CreateVulkanInstance

 const VkApplicationInfo app = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .pApplicationName = APP_SHORT_NAME,
        .applicationVersion = 0,
        .pEngineName = APP_SHORT_NAME,
        .engineVersion = 0,
        .apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0,
    };
    VkInstanceCreateInfo inst_info = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .pApplicationInfo = &app,
        .enabledLayerCount = demo->enabled_layer_count,
        .ppEnabledLayerNames = (const char *const *)instance_validation_layers,
        .enabledExtensionCount = demo->enabled_extension_count,
        .ppEnabledExtensionNames = (const char *const *)demo->extension_names,
    };

    /*
     * This is info for a temp callback to use during CreateInstance.
     * After the instance is created, we use the instance-based
     * function to register the final callback.
     */
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT dbg_messenger_create_info;
    if (demo->validate) {
        // VK_EXT_debug_utils style
        dbg_messenger_create_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.pNext = NULL;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.flags = 0;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.messageSeverity =
            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
                                                VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
                                                VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.pfnUserCallback = debug_messenger_callback;
        dbg_messenger_create_info.pUserData = demo;
        inst_info.pNext = &dbg_messenger_create_info;
    }

    uint32_t gpu_count;

    err = vkCreateInstance(&inst_info, NULL, &demo->inst);

vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices

    /* Make initial call to query gpu_count, then second call for gpu info*/
    err = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(demo->inst, &gpu_count, NULL);
    assert(!err);

    if (gpu_count > 0) {
        VkPhysicalDevice *physical_devices = malloc(sizeof(VkPhysicalDevice) * gpu_count);
        err = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(demo->inst, &gpu_count, physical_devices);
        assert(!err);
        /* For cube demo we just grab the first physical device */
        demo->gpu = physical_devices[0];
        free(physical_devices);
    } else {
        ERR_EXIT(
            "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices reported zero accessible devices.\n\n"
            "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
            "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
            "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices Failure");
    }

    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(demo->gpu, &demo->gpu_props);

    /* Call with NULL data to get count */
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(demo->gpu, &demo->queue_family_count, NULL);
    assert(demo->queue_family_count >= 1);

    demo->queue_props = (VkQueueFamilyProperties *)malloc(demo->queue_family_count * sizeof(VkQueueFamilyProperties));
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(demo->gpu, &demo->queue_family_count, demo->queue_props);

  // Query fine-grained feature support for this device.
    //  If app has specific feature requirements it should check supported
    //  features based on this query
    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures physDevFeatures;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(demo->gpu, &physDevFeatures);

device extensions
需要找到对应的 VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME，这个是一个交换链的扩展

    /* Look for device extensions */
    uint32_t device_extension_count = 0;
    VkBool32 swapchainExtFound = 0;
    demo->enabled_extension_count = 0;
    memset(demo->extension_names, 0, sizeof(demo->extension_names));

    err = vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(demo->gpu, NULL, &device_extension_count, NULL);
    assert(!err);

    if (device_extension_count > 0) {
        VkExtensionProperties *device_extensions = malloc(sizeof(VkExtensionProperties) * device_extension_count);
        err = vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(demo->gpu, NULL, &device_extension_count, device_extensions);
        assert(!err);

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_extension_count; i++) {
            if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME, device_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
                swapchainExtFound = 1;
                demo->extension_names[demo->enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME;
            }
            assert(demo->enabled_extension_count < 64);
        }

        if (demo->VK_KHR_incremental_present_enabled) {
            // Even though the user "enabled" the extension via the command
            // line, we must make sure that it's enumerated for use with the
            // device.  Therefore, disable it here, and re-enable it again if
            // enumerated.
            demo->VK_KHR_incremental_present_enabled = false;
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_extension_count; i++) {
                if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_INCREMENTAL_PRESENT_EXTENSION_NAME, device_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
                    demo->extension_names[demo->enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_INCREMENTAL_PRESENT_EXTENSION_NAME;
                    demo->VK_KHR_incremental_present_enabled = true;
                    DbgMsg("VK_KHR_incremental_present extension enabled\n");
                }
                assert(demo->enabled_extension_count < 64);
            }
            if (!demo->VK_KHR_incremental_present_enabled) {
                DbgMsg("VK_KHR_incremental_present extension NOT AVAILABLE\n");
            }
        }

        if (demo->VK_GOOGLE_display_timing_enabled) {
            // Even though the user "enabled" the extension via the command
            // line, we must make sure that it's enumerated for use with the
            // device.  Therefore, disable it here, and re-enable it again if
            // enumerated.
            demo->VK_GOOGLE_display_timing_enabled = false;
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_extension_count; i++) {
                if (!strcmp(VK_GOOGLE_DISPLAY_TIMING_EXTENSION_NAME, device_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
                    demo->extension_names[demo->enabled_extension_count++] = VK_GOOGLE_DISPLAY_TIMING_EXTENSION_NAME;
                    demo->VK_GOOGLE_display_timing_enabled = true;
                    DbgMsg("VK_GOOGLE_display_timing extension enabled\n");
                }
                assert(demo->enabled_extension_count < 64);
            }
            if (!demo->VK_GOOGLE_display_timing_enabled) {
                DbgMsg("VK_GOOGLE_display_timing extension NOT AVAILABLE\n");
            }
        }

        free(device_extensions);
    }

    if (!swapchainExtFound) {
        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
                 " extension.\n\nDo you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
    }

凡事带有KHR结尾的函数，都是vulkan对于制定平台的一些扩展，下面的代码创建一个窗口表面，当然如果你不需要展示图像，这个表面不是必须的。

// Create a WSI surface for the window:
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
    VkWin32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR createInfo;
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WIN32_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
    createInfo.pNext = NULL;
    createInfo.flags = 0;
    createInfo.hinstance = demo->connection;
    createInfo.hwnd = demo->window;

    err = vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR(demo->inst, &createInfo, NULL, &demo->surface);

vkCreateDevice

    VkResult U_ASSERT_ONLY err;
    float queue_priorities[1] = {0.0};
    VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queues[2];
    queues[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
    queues[0].pNext = NULL;
    queues[0].queueFamilyIndex = demo->graphics_queue_family_index;
    queues[0].queueCount = 1;
    queues[0].pQueuePriorities = queue_priorities;
    queues[0].flags = 0;

    VkDeviceCreateInfo device = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .queueCreateInfoCount = 1,
        .pQueueCreateInfos = queues,
        .enabledLayerCount = 0,
        .ppEnabledLayerNames = NULL,
        .enabledExtensionCount = demo->enabled_extension_count,
        .ppEnabledExtensionNames = (const char *const *)demo->extension_names,
        .pEnabledFeatures = NULL,  // If specific features are required, pass them in here
    };
    if (demo->separate_present_queue) {
        queues[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
        queues[1].pNext = NULL;
        queues[1].queueFamilyIndex = demo->present_queue_family_index;
        queues[1].queueCount = 1;
        queues[1].pQueuePriorities = queue_priorities;
        queues[1].flags = 0;
        device.queueCreateInfoCount = 2;
    }
    err = vkCreateDevice(demo->gpu, &device, NULL, &demo->device);
    assert(!err);

Get the list of VkFormat's that are supported:

  uint32_t formatCount;
    err = demo->fpGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(demo->gpu, demo->surface, &formatCount, NULL);
    assert(!err);
    VkSurfaceFormatKHR *surfFormats = (VkSurfaceFormatKHR *)malloc(formatCount * sizeof(VkSurfaceFormatKHR));
    err = demo->fpGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(demo->gpu, demo->surface, &formatCount, surfFormats);
    assert(!err);
    // If the format list includes just one entry of VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
    // the surface has no preferred format.  Otherwise, at least one
    // supported format will be returned.
    if (formatCount == 1 && surfFormats[0].format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
        demo->format = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
    } else {
        assert(formatCount >= 1);
        demo->format = surfFormats[0].format;
    }
    demo->color_space = surfFormats[0].colorSpace;
    free(surfFormats);

同步

// Create semaphores to synchronize acquiring presentable buffers before
    // rendering and waiting for drawing to be complete before presenting
    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .flags = 0,
    }; 

    // Create fences that we can use to throttle if we get too far
    // ahead of the image presents
    VkFenceCreateInfo fence_ci = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO, .pNext = NULL, .flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT};
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FRAME_LAG; i++) {
        err = vkCreateFence(demo->device, &fence_ci, NULL, &demo->fences[i]);
        assert(!err);

        err = vkCreateSemaphore(demo->device, &semaphoreCreateInfo, NULL, &demo->image_acquired_semaphores[i]);
        assert(!err);

        err = vkCreateSemaphore(demo->device, &semaphoreCreateInfo, NULL, &demo->draw_complete_semaphores[i]);
        assert(!err);

        if (demo->separate_present_queue) {
            err = vkCreateSemaphore(demo->device, &semaphoreCreateInfo, NULL, &demo->image_ownership_semaphores[i]);
            assert(!err);
        }
    }
    demo->frame_index = 0;

Get Memory information and properties

  vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(demo->gpu, &demo->memory_properties);

demo_prepare: command buff, depth,mesh data,descriptor layout, render_pass, pipe lines

static void demo_prepare(struct demo *demo) {
    VkResult U_ASSERT_ONLY err;
    if (demo->cmd_pool == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
        const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo cmd_pool_info = {
            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO,
            .pNext = NULL,
            .queueFamilyIndex = demo->graphics_queue_family_index,
            .flags = 0,
        };
        err = vkCreateCommandPool(demo->device, &cmd_pool_info, NULL, &demo->cmd_pool);
        assert(!err);
    }

    const VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cmd = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .commandPool = demo->cmd_pool,
        .level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
        .commandBufferCount = 1,
    };
    err = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(demo->device, &cmd, &demo->cmd);
    assert(!err);
    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmd_buf_info = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .flags = 0,
        .pInheritanceInfo = NULL,
    };
    err = vkBeginCommandBuffer(demo->cmd, &cmd_buf_info);
    assert(!err);

    demo_prepare_buffers(demo);

    if (demo->is_minimized) {
        demo->prepared = false;
        return;
    }

    demo_prepare_depth(demo);
    demo_prepare_textures(demo);
    demo_prepare_cube_data_buffers(demo);

    demo_prepare_descriptor_layout(demo);
    demo_prepare_render_pass(demo);
    demo_prepare_pipeline(demo);

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < demo->swapchainImageCount; i++) {
        err = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(demo->device, &cmd, &demo->swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
        assert(!err);
    }

    if (demo->separate_present_queue) {
        const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo present_cmd_pool_info = {
            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO,
            .pNext = NULL,
            .queueFamilyIndex = demo->present_queue_family_index,
            .flags = 0,
        };
        err = vkCreateCommandPool(demo->device, &present_cmd_pool_info, NULL, &demo->present_cmd_pool);
        assert(!err);
        const VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo present_cmd_info = {
            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
            .pNext = NULL,
            .commandPool = demo->present_cmd_pool,
            .level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
            .commandBufferCount = 1,
        };
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < demo->swapchainImageCount; i++) {
            err = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(demo->device, &present_cmd_info,
                                           &demo->swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd);
            assert(!err);
            demo_build_image_ownership_cmd(demo, i);
        }
    }

    demo_prepare_descriptor_pool(demo);
    demo_prepare_descriptor_set(demo);

    demo_prepare_framebuffers(demo);

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < demo->swapchainImageCount; i++) {
        demo->current_buffer = i;
        demo_draw_build_cmd(demo, demo->swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
    }

    /*
     * Prepare functions above may generate pipeline commands
     * that need to be flushed before beginning the render loop.
     */
    demo_flush_init_cmd(demo);
    if (demo->staging_texture.buffer) {
        demo_destroy_texture(demo, &demo->staging_texture);
    }

    demo->current_buffer = 0;
    demo->prepared = true;
}

vulkan都是提前把渲染命令准备好

/*
     * Prepare functions above may generate pipeline commands
     * that need to be flushed before beginning the render loop.
     */
    demo_flush_init_cmd(demo);
    if (demo->staging_texture.buffer) {
        demo_destroy_texture(demo, &demo->staging_texture);
    }

    demo->current_buffer = 0;
    demo->prepared = true;

渲染主循环

#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
static void demo_run(struct demo *demo) {
    if (!demo->prepared) return;

    demo_draw(demo);
    demo->curFrame++;
    if (demo->frameCount != INT32_MAX && demo->curFrame == demo->frameCount) {
        PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
    }
}

static void demo_draw(struct demo *demo) {
    VkResult U_ASSERT_ONLY err;

    // Ensure no more than FRAME_LAG renderings are outstanding
    vkWaitForFences(demo->device, 1, &demo->fences[demo->frame_index], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
    vkResetFences(demo->device, 1, &demo->fences[demo->frame_index]);

    do {
        // Get the index of the next available swapchain image:
        err =
            demo->fpAcquireNextImageKHR(demo->device, demo->swapchain, UINT64_MAX,
                                        demo->image_acquired_semaphores[demo->frame_index], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &demo->current_buffer);

        if (err == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
            // demo->swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
            // must be recreated:
            demo_resize(demo);
        } else if (err == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
            // demo->swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
            // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
            break;
        } else if (err == VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR) {
            vkDestroySurfaceKHR(demo->inst, demo->surface, NULL);
            demo_create_surface(demo);
            demo_resize(demo);
        } else {
            assert(!err);
        }
    } while (err != VK_SUCCESS);

    demo_update_data_buffer(demo);

    if (demo->VK_GOOGLE_display_timing_enabled) {
        // Look at what happened to previous presents, and make appropriate
        // adjustments in timing:
        DemoUpdateTargetIPD(demo);

        // Note: a real application would position its geometry to that it's in
        // the correct locatoin for when the next image is presented.  It might
        // also wait, so that there's less latency between any input and when
        // the next image is rendered/presented.  This demo program is so
        // simple that it doesn't do either of those.
    }

    // Wait for the image acquired semaphore to be signaled to ensure
    // that the image won't be rendered to until the presentation
    // engine has fully released ownership to the application, and it is
    // okay to render to the image.
    VkPipelineStageFlags pipe_stage_flags;
    VkSubmitInfo submit_info;
    submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
    submit_info.pNext = NULL;
    submit_info.pWaitDstStageMask = &pipe_stage_flags;
    pipe_stage_flags = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
    submit_info.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submit_info.pWaitSemaphores = &demo->image_acquired_semaphores[demo->frame_index];
    submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &demo->swapchain_image_resources[demo->current_buffer].cmd;
    submit_info.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submit_info.pSignalSemaphores = &demo->draw_complete_semaphores[demo->frame_index];
    err = vkQueueSubmit(demo->graphics_queue, 1, &submit_info, demo->fences[demo->frame_index]);
    assert(!err);

    if (demo->separate_present_queue) {
        // If we are using separate queues, change image ownership to the
        // present queue before presenting, waiting for the draw complete
        // semaphore and signalling the ownership released semaphore when finished
        VkFence nullFence = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        pipe_stage_flags = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
        submit_info.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
        submit_info.pWaitSemaphores = &demo->draw_complete_semaphores[demo->frame_index];
        submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
        submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &demo->swapchain_image_resources[demo->current_buffer].graphics_to_present_cmd;
        submit_info.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
        submit_info.pSignalSemaphores = &demo->image_ownership_semaphores[demo->frame_index];
        err = vkQueueSubmit(demo->present_queue, 1, &submit_info, nullFence);
        assert(!err);
    }

    // If we are using separate queues we have to wait for image ownership,
    // otherwise wait for draw complete
    VkPresentInfoKHR present = {
        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR,
        .pNext = NULL,
        .waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
        .pWaitSemaphores = (demo->separate_present_queue) ? &demo->image_ownership_semaphores[demo->frame_index]
                                                          : &demo->draw_complete_semaphores[demo->frame_index],
        .swapchainCount = 1,
        .pSwapchains = &demo->swapchain,
        .pImageIndices = &demo->current_buffer,
    };

    VkRectLayerKHR rect;
    VkPresentRegionKHR region;
    VkPresentRegionsKHR regions;
    if (demo->VK_KHR_incremental_present_enabled) {
        // If using VK_KHR_incremental_present, we provide a hint of the region
        // that contains changed content relative to the previously-presented
        // image.  The implementation can use this hint in order to save
        // work/power (by only copying the region in the hint).  The
        // implementation is free to ignore the hint though, and so we must
        // ensure that the entire image has the correctly-drawn content.
        uint32_t eighthOfWidth = demo->width / 8;
        uint32_t eighthOfHeight = demo->height / 8;

        rect.offset.x = eighthOfWidth;
        rect.offset.y = eighthOfHeight;
        rect.extent.width = eighthOfWidth * 6;
        rect.extent.height = eighthOfHeight * 6;
        rect.layer = 0;

        region.rectangleCount = 1;
        region.pRectangles = &rect;

        regions.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_REGIONS_KHR;
        regions.pNext = present.pNext;
        regions.swapchainCount = present.swapchainCount;
        regions.pRegions = &region;
        present.pNext = &regions;
    }

    if (demo->VK_GOOGLE_display_timing_enabled) {
        VkPresentTimeGOOGLE ptime;
        if (demo->prev_desired_present_time == 0) {
            // This must be the first present for this swapchain.
            //
            // We don't know where we are relative to the presentation engine's
            // display's refresh cycle.  We also don't know how long rendering
            // takes.  Let's make a grossly-simplified assumption that the
            // desiredPresentTime should be half way between now and
            // now+target_IPD.  We will adjust over time.
            uint64_t curtime = getTimeInNanoseconds();
            if (curtime == 0) {
                // Since we didn't find out the current time, don't give a
                // desiredPresentTime:
                ptime.desiredPresentTime = 0;
            } else {
                ptime.desiredPresentTime = curtime + (demo->target_IPD >> 1);
            }
        } else {
            ptime.desiredPresentTime = (demo->prev_desired_present_time + demo->target_IPD);
        }
        ptime.presentID = demo->next_present_id++;
        demo->prev_desired_present_time = ptime.desiredPresentTime;

        VkPresentTimesInfoGOOGLE present_time = {
            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_TIMES_INFO_GOOGLE,
            .pNext = present.pNext,
            .swapchainCount = present.swapchainCount,
            .pTimes = &ptime,
        };
        if (demo->VK_GOOGLE_display_timing_enabled) {
            present.pNext = &present_time;
        }
    }

    err = demo->fpQueuePresentKHR(demo->present_queue, &present);
    demo->frame_index += 1;
    demo->frame_index %= FRAME_LAG;

    if (err == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
        // demo->swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
        // must be recreated:
        demo_resize(demo);
    } else if (err == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
        // demo->swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
        // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
    } else if (err == VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR) {
        vkDestroySurfaceKHR(demo->inst, demo->surface, NULL);
        demo_create_surface(demo);
        demo_resize(demo);
    } else {
        assert(!err);
    }
}

最终图形画出来的效果如下图所示。