Python爬虫(一)

こ雲淡風輕ζ 提交于 2020-01-28 04:26:28

本教程基于Python3.6,Mac OS系统,Pycharm编辑器

使用urllib库可以获取网页,示例代码如下

 1 from urllib import request
 2 
 3 #要爬取的网页,这里以百度为例
 4 url = 'http://www.baidu.com/'
 5 
 6 #构建请求对象Request
 7 res = request.Request(url)
 8 
 9 #发起请求,得到请求结果,命名为response
10 response = request.urlopen(res)
11 
12 #读取结果,命名为html
13 html = response.read()
14 
15 #打印查看结果
16 print(html)

可以看到打印的结果为

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/bin/python3.6 /Users/pn/Desktop/Python/blog/demo.py
b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<!--STATUS OK-->\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n        \r\n\t\t\t        \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t        \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t        \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t        \r\n\t\t\t    \r\n\r\n\t\r\n        \r\n\t\t\t        \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t        \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t        \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t        \r\n\t\t\t    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\r\n\n<html>\n<head>\n    \n    <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">\n    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge">\n\t<meta content="always" name="referrer">\n    <meta name="theme-color" content="#2932e1">\n    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />\n    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2" /> \n    <link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu.svg">\n\t\n\t\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s1.bdstatic.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t1.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t2.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t3.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t10.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t11.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t12.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b1.bdstatic.com"/>\n    \n    <title>\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xb8\x8b\xef\xbc\x8c\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xb0\xb1\xe7\x9f\xa5\xe9\x81\x93</title>\n    \r\n\r\n<style id="css_index" index="index" type="text/css">html,body{height:100%}\nhtml{overflow-y:auto}\nbody{font:12px 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arial;height:32px;line-height:32px;padding-left:7px;overflow:hidden;width:526px}\n.s_ipt{width:526px;height:22px;font:16px/18px arial;line-height:22px\\9;margin:6px 0 0 7px;padding:0;background:transparent;border:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none}\n#kw{position:relative}\n#u .username i{background-position:-408px -144px}\n.bdpfmenu,.usermenu{border:1px solid #d1d1d1;position:absolute;width:105px;top:36px;z-index:302;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1}\n.bdpfmenu{font-size:12px;background-color:#fff}\n.bdpfmenu a,.usermenu a{display:block;text-align:left;margin:0!important;padding:0 9px;line-height:26px;text-decoration:none}\n.briiconsbg{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png);background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_809ae65.gif)\\9}\n#u{z-index:301;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:21px 9px 5px 0;padding:0}\n.wrapper_s #u{margin-right:3px}\n#u a{text-decoration:underline;color:#333;margin:0 7px}\n.wrapper_s #u a{margin-right:0 6px}\n#u div a{text-decoration:none}\n#u a:hover{text-decoration:underline}\n#u .back_org{color:#666;float:left;display:inline-block;height:24px;line-height:24px}\n#u .bri{display:inline-block;width:24px;height:24px;float:left;line-height:24px;color:transparent;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png) no-repeat 4px 3px;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_809ae65.gif)\\9;overflow:hidden}\n#u .bri:hover,#u .bri.brihover{background-position:-18px 3px}\n#mCon 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form{_width:850px}\n#kw_tip{cursor:default;display:none;margin-top:1px}\n#bds-message-wrapper{top:43px}\n.quickdelete-wrap{position:relative}\n.quickdelete-wrap input{width:500px}\n.wrapper_l .quickdelete-wrap input{width:500px}\n.wrapper_s .quickdelete-wrap input{width:402px}\ninput::-ms-clear{display:none}\n.quickdelete{width:32px;height:32px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/quickdelete_33e3eb8.png) no-repeat;background-position:10px 10px;position:absolute;display:block}\n.quickdelete:hover{background-position:10px -24px}\n#lh a{margin-left:25px}\n.bdbriwrapper-tuiguang{display:none!important}</style>\r\n<!--[if IE 8]>\r\n<style index="index" data-compress="strip">\r\n.s_ipt{background-color:#FFF;}\r\n</style>\r\n<![endif]-->\r\n\n    \r\n<script data-compress="strip">\r\nfunction h(obj){\r\n    obj.style.behavior=\'url(#default#homepage)\';\r\n\tvar a = obj.setHomePage(\'//www.baidu.com/\');\r\n}\r\n</script>\r\n\r\n<noscript>\r\n    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=/baidu.html?from=noscript"/>\r\n</noscript>\r\n\n    <script>window._ASYNC_START=new Date().getTime();</script>\n</head>\n\n<body link="#0000cc">\n\t<script>\n\tif (/Chrome\\/37.0.2062.94/i.test(navigator.userAgent) && (/(windows 7)|(windows nt 6.1)/i.test(navigator.userAgent))) {\n\t\tvar _chrome_37_fix = document.createElement("style"); \n\t\t_chrome_37_fix.type="text/css";\n\t\t_chrome_37_fix.setAttribute("data-for","result");\n\t\t_chrome_37_fix.innerHTML = ".t,.f16,#kw,.s_ipt,.c-title,.c-title-size,.to_zhidao,.to_tieba,.to_zhidao_bottom{font-size:15px;} .ec-hospital-info-main h2,.ad-widget-gx_sck-ylzx-doctor-info h2,.ec-card-main h2,.ad-widget-h1 h2,.ad-widget-title h2,.ad-widget-small-head h2,.ad-widget-small-head h2 a,.ad-widget-header .ec-figcaption h2{font-size: 15px !important;}";\n\t\tdocument.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(_chrome_37_fix); \n\t}\n\t</script>\n    <div id="wrapper" style="display:none;">\n        \r\n\n       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class="s_ipt" value="" maxlength="255" autocomplete="off"></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type="submit" id="su" value="\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xb8\x8b" class="bg s_btn"></span><span class="tools"><span id="mHolder"><div id="mCon"><span>\xe8\xbe\x93\xe5\x85\xa5\xe6\xb3\x95</span></div><ul id="mMenu"><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_hw">\xe6\x89\x8b\xe5\x86\x99</a></li><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_py">\xe6\x8b\xbc\xe9\x9f\xb3</a></li><li class="ln"></li><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_cl">\xe5\x85\xb3\xe9\x97\xad</a></li></ul></span></span><input type="hidden" name="rn" value=""><input type="hidden" name="oq" value=""><input type="hidden" name="rsv_pq" value="ca18c1a90002c199"><input type="hidden" name="rsv_t" value="d784rqh8jiQLY5XKlMSsL7dKchzEbOOi2RQTVsXxRxUVETsru2uJvyzvnkP0kBw1XQwF1Q"><input type="hidden" name="rqlang" value="cn"></form><div id="m"></div></div></div><div id="u"><a class="toindex" href="/">\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe9\xa6\x96\xe9\xa1\xb5</a><a href="javascript:;" name="tj_settingicon" class="pf">\xe8\xae\xbe\xe7\xbd\xae<i class="c-icon c-icon-triangle-down"></i></a><a href="https://passport.baidu.com/v2/?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2F" name="tj_login" class="lb" onclick="return false;">\xe7\x99\xbb\xe5\xbd\x95</a></div><div id="u1"><a href="http://news.baidu.com" name="tj_trnews" class="mnav">\xe6\x96\xb0\xe9\x97\xbb</a><a href="http://www.hao123.com" name="tj_trhao123" class="mnav">hao123</a><a href="http://map.baidu.com" name="tj_trmap" class="mnav">\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe5\x9b\xbe</a><a href="http://v.baidu.com" name="tj_trvideo" class="mnav">\xe8\xa7\x86\xe9\xa2\x91</a><a href="http://tieba.baidu.com" name="tj_trtieba" class="mnav">\xe8\xb4\xb4\xe5\x90\xa7</a><a href="http://xueshu.baidu.com" name="tj_trxueshu" class="mnav">\xe5\xad\xa6\xe6\x9c\xaf</a><a href="https://passport.baidu.com/v2/?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2F" name="tj_login" class="lb" onclick="return false;">\xe7\x99\xbb\xe5\xbd\x95</a><a href="http://www.baidu.com/gaoji/preferences.html" name="tj_settingicon" class="pf">\xe8\xae\xbe\xe7\xbd\xae</a><a href="http://www.baidu.com/more/" name="tj_briicon" class="bri" style="display: block;">\xe6\x9b\xb4\xe5\xa4\x9a\xe4\xba\xa7\xe5\x93\x81</a></div></div></div>\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class="s_tab" id="s_tab">\r\n    <b>\xe7\xbd\x91\xe9\xa1\xb5</b><a href="http://news.baidu.com/ns?cl=2&rn=20&tn=news&word=" wdfield="word"  onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'news\'})">\xe6\x96\xb0\xe9\x97\xbb</a><a href="http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=&fr=wwwt" wdfield="kw"  onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'tieba\'})">\xe8\xb4\xb4\xe5\x90\xa7</a><a href="http://zhidao.baidu.com/q?ct=17&pn=0&tn=ikaslist&rn=10&word=&fr=wwwt" wdfield="word"  onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'zhidao\'})">\xe7\x9f\xa5\xe9\x81\x93</a><a href="http://music.baidu.com/search?fr=ps&ie=utf-8&key=" wdfield="key"  onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'music\'})">\xe9\x9f\xb3\xe4\xb9\x90</a><a href="http://image.baidu.com/search/index?tn=baiduimage&ps=1&ct=201326592&lm=-1&cl=2&nc=1&ie=utf-8&word=" wdfield="word"  onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'pic\'})">\xe5\x9b\xbe\xe7\x89\x87</a><a href="http://v.baidu.com/v?ct=301989888&rn=20&pn=0&db=0&s=25&ie=utf-8&word=" wdfield="word"   onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'video\'})">\xe8\xa7\x86\xe9\xa2\x91</a><a href="http://map.baidu.com/m?word=&fr=ps01000" wdfield="word"  onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'map\'})">\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe5\x9b\xbe</a><a href="http://wenku.baidu.com/search?word=&lm=0&od=0&ie=utf-8" wdfield="word"  onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'wenku\'})">\xe6\x96\x87\xe5\xba\x93</a><a href="//www.baidu.com/more/"  onmousedown="return c({\'fm\':\'tab\',\'tab\':\'more\'})">\xe6\x9b\xb4\xe5\xa4\x9a\xc2\xbb</a>\r\n</div>\r\n\n        \r\n\r\n<div class="qrcodeCon">\r\n\t<div id="qrcode">\r\n\t\t<div class="qrcode-item qrcode-item-1">\r\n\t\t\t<div class="qrcode-img"></div>\r\n\t\t\t<div class="qrcode-text">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>\xe6\x89\x8b\xe6\x9c\xba\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6</b></p>\r\n\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="ftCon">\r\n\r\n<div class="ftCon-Wrapper"><div id="ftConw"><p id="lh"><a id="setf" href="//www.baidu.com/cache/sethelp/help.html" onmousedown="return ns_c({\'fm\':\'behs\',\'tab\':\'favorites\',\'pos\':0})" target="_blank">\xe6\x8a\x8a\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe8\xae\xbe\xe4\xb8\xba\xe4\xb8\xbb\xe9\xa1\xb5</a><a onmousedown="return ns_c({\'fm\':\'behs\',\'tab\':\'tj_about\'})" href="http://home.baidu.com">\xe5\x85\xb3\xe4\xba\x8e\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6</a><a onmousedown="return ns_c({\'fm\':\'behs\',\'tab\':\'tj_about_en\'})" href="http://ir.baidu.com">About&nbsp;&nbsp;Baidu</a><a onmousedown="return ns_c({\'fm\':\'behs\',\'tab\':\'tj_tuiguang\'})" href="http://e.baidu.com/?refer=888">\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe6\x8e\xa8\xe5\xb9\xbf</a></p><p id="cp">&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href="http://www.baidu.com/duty/" onmousedown="return ns_c({\'fm\':\'behs\',\'tab\':\'tj_duty\'})">\xe4\xbd\xbf\xe7\x94\xa8\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe5\x89\x8d\xe5\xbf\x85\xe8\xaf\xbb</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://jianyi.baidu.com/" class="cp-feedback" onmousedown="return ns_c({\'fm\':\'behs\',\'tab\':\'tj_homefb\'})">\xe6\x84\x8f\xe8\xa7\x81\xe5\x8f\x8d\xe9\xa6\x88</a>&nbsp;\xe4\xba\xacICP\xe8\xaf\x81030173\xe5\x8f\xb7&nbsp;<i class="c-icon-icrlogo"></i>&nbsp;<a id="jgwab"  target="_blank" href="http://www.beian.gov.cn/portal/registerSystemInfo?recordcode=11000002000001">\xe4\xba\xac\xe5\x85\xac\xe7\xbd\x91\xe5\xae\x89\xe5\xa4\x8711000002000001\xe5\x8f\xb7</a>&nbsp;<i class="c-icon-jgwablogo"></i></p></div></div></div>\n        <div id="wrapper_wrapper">\n        </div>\n    </div>\n    <div class="c-tips-container" id="c-tips-container"></div>\n    \n    <script>\n        window.__async_strategy=2;\n        //window.__switch_add_mask=false;\n    </script>\n    \n    \r\n<script>\r\nvar bds={\r\n    se:{},\r\n    su:{\r\n        urdata:[],\r\n                urSendClick:function(){}\r\n    },\r\n    util:{},\r\n    use:{},\r\n    comm : {\r\n        domain:"http://www.baidu.com",\r\n        ubsurl : "http://sclick.baidu.com/union.gif",\r\n        tn:"28035039_3_pg",\r\n        queryEnc:"",\r\n        queryId:"",\r\n        inter:"",\r\n        templateName:"",\r\n        sugHost : "http://suggestion.baidu.com/su",\r\n        query : "",\r\n        qid : "ca18c1a90002c199",\r\n        cid : "0",\r\n        sid : "1440_21117",\r\n        indexSid : "1440_21117",\r\n        stoken : "",\r\n        serverTime : "1501514233",\r\n        user : "",\r\n        username : "",\r\n        userid : "0",\r\n        loginAction : [],\r\n        useFavo : "",\r\n        pinyin : "",\r\n        favoOn : "",\r\n        cookie : null,\r\n        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Process finished with exit code 0

 

但是我们会发现一个问题,真实的百度网址是https开头的,而不是http

如果我们把刚才的那段代码中的url换成

url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'

会发现报错,错误的提示是

urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:749)>

 

这是因为https增加的ssl套接字层阻碍了我们的访问请求,在python爬虫中有两个解决方法

1.使用ssl创建未经验证的上下文,在urlopen中传入上下文参数

import ssl
from urllib import request
 
context = ssl._create_unverified_context()
print request.urlopen("https://www.baidu.com/", context=context).read()

 

2.导入ssl时关闭证书验证

import ssl
 
ssl._create_default_https_context = ssl._create_unverified_context

 

二、当遇到请求错误时

网络请求不一定每次都能成功,很多时候请求会返回一些错误码给我们定位问题,为了安全起见,我们请求网页的代码应该考虑到请求错误的情况,示例代码如下:

from urllib import request
from urllib import error

#要爬取的网页,这里以百度为例
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
try:
    # 构建请求对象Request
    res = request.Request(url)
    # 发起请求,得到请求结果,命名为response
    response = request.urlopen(res)
    # 读取结果,命名为html
    html = response.read()
except error.HTTPError as e:
    # 打印HTTP错误结果
    print('Download error:', e.reason)
    html = None
except error.URLError as e:
    #打印URL错误结果
    print('Download error:', e.reason)
    html = None

#打印查看请求结果
print(html)

 

这里我们导入了urllib.error模块,它会把错误的结果返回,我们可以打印查看

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