Linux C: Shell-like environment - for individual execution - of C commands? (C interpreter)

问题

Sorry if the question is worded wrong - I don't know the right word for what I'm asking for! :)

Say, you have some simple C program like:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
   int a=2; 
   printf("Hello World %d\n", a);
   return 0;
}

Typically, this would have to be saved in a file (say, hello.c); then we run gcc on the source file and obtain executable file - and if we compiled in debug information, then we can use gdb on the executable, to step through lines of code, and inspect variables.

What I would like to have, is basically some sort of a "C" shell - similar to the Python shell; in the sense that I can have a sequence of Python commands in a file (a script) - or I can just paste the same commands in the shell, and they will execute the same. In respect to the simple program above, this is what I'd like to be able to do (where C> represents the imagined prompt):

C> #include <stdio.h>
(stdio.h included)
C> int a=2;
C> printf("Hello World %d\n", a);
Hello World 2

C>

In other words, I'd like to be able to execute individual C commands interactively (I'm guessing this would represent on-the-fly compilation of sorts?). Initially I was misled by the name of the C shell (csh) - but I don't think it will be able to execute C commands on the fly.

So, first and foremost, I'd like to know if it is possible somehow to persuade, say, gdb to perform in this manner? If not, is there anything else that would allow me to do something similar (some special shell, maybe)?

As for the context - I have some code where I have problems troubleshooting pointers between structs and such; here the way gdb can printout structs works very well - however, to isolate the problem, I have to make new source files, paste in data, compile and debug all over again. In this case, I'd much rather have the possibility to paste several structs (and their initialization commands) in some sort of a shell - and then, inspect using printf (or even better, something akin to gdb's print) typed directly on the shell.

Just for the record - I'm not really persuaded something like this really exists; but I thought I'd ask anyways :)

Thanks in advance for any answers,
Cheers!

EDIT: I was a bit busy, so haven't had time to review all answers yet for accept (sorry :) ); just wanted to add a little comment re:"interpreted vs. machine code"; or as mentioned by @doron:

The problem with running C /C++ source interactively is that the compiler is not able to perform line by line interpretation of the code.

I am fully aware of this - but let's imagine a command line application (could even be an interpreted one), that gives you a prompt with a command line interface. At start, let's assume this application generates this simple "text file" in memory:

@@HEADER@@

int main()
{
    @@MAIN@@

    return 0;
}

Then, the application simply waits for a text to be entered at the prompt, and ENTER to be pressed; and upon a new line:

The application checks:
- if the line starts with #define or #include, then it is added below the @@HEADER@@ - but above the int main() line - in the temp file
- anything else, goes below @@MAIN@@ line - but above return 0; line - in the temp file
the temp file is stripped of @@HEADER@@ and @@MAIN@@ lines, and saved to disk as temp.c
gcc is called to compile temp.c and generate temp.out executable
- if fail, notify user, exit
gdb is called to run the temp.out executable, with a breakpoint set at the return 0; line
- if fail, notify user, exit
execution is returned to the prompt; the next commands the user enters, are in fact passed to gdb (so the user can use commands like p variable to inspect) - until the user presses, say, Ctrl+1 to exit gdb
Ctrl+1 - gdb exits, control is returned to our application - which waits for the next code line all over again.. etc
- (subsequent code line entries are kept in the temp file - placed below the last entry from the same category)

Obviously, I wouldn't expect to be able to paste the entire linux kernel code into an application like this, and expect it to work :) However, I would expect to be able to paste in a couple of structs, and to inspect the results of statements like, say:

char dat = (char) (*(int16_t*)(my->structure->pdata) >> 32 & 0xFF) ^ 0x88;

... so I'm sure in what is the proper syntax to use (which is usually what I mess up with) - without the overhead of rebuilding and debugging the entire software, just to figure out whether I should have moved a right parenthesis before or after the asterisk sign (in the cases when such an action doesn't raise a compilation error, of course).

Now, I'm not sure of the entire scope of problems that can arise from a simplistic application architecture as above. But, it's an example, that simply points that something like a "C shell" (for relatively simple sessions/programs) would be conceptually doable, by also using gcc and gdb - without any serious clashes with the, otherwise, strict distinction between 'machine code' and 'interpreted' languages.

回答1:

There are C interpreters.
Look for Ch or CINT.

回答2:

Edit: found a new (untested) thing that appears to be what the OP wants

c-repl

Or just use it [...] like driving a Ferarri on city streets.

Tiny C Compiler

[... many features, including]
C script supported : just add '#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run' at the first line of your C source, and execute it directly from the command line.

回答3:

When your CPU runs a computer program, it runs something called machine code. This is a series of binary instructions that are specific to the CPU that you are using. Since machine code is quite hard to hand code, people invented higher level languages like C and C++. Unfortunately the CPU only understands machine code. So what happens is that we run a compiler that converts the high-level source language into machine code. Computer languages in this class are compiled language like C and C++. These languages are said to run natively since the generated machine code is run by the CPU without any further interpretation.

Now certain languages like Python, Bash and Perl do not need to be compiled beforehand and are rather interpreted. This means that the source file is read line by line by the interpreter and the correct task for the line is performed. This gives you the ability run stuff in an interactive shell as we see in Python.

The problem with running C /C++ source interactively is that the compiler is not able to perform line by line interpretation of the code. It is designed solely to generate corresponding machine code and therefore cannot run your C / C++ source interactively.

回答4:

@buddhabrot and @pmg - thank you for your answers!

For the benefit of n00bery, here is a summary of the answers (as I couldn't immediately grasp what is going on): what I needed (in OP) is handled by what is called a "C Interpreter" (not a 'C shell'), of which the following were suggested:

CINT | ROOT - Ubuntu: install as sudo apt-get install root-system-bin (5.18.00-2.3ubuntu4 + 115MB of additional disk space)
c-repl (c-repl README)- Ubuntu: install as sudo apt-get install c-repl (c-repl_0.0.20071223-1_i386.deb + 106kB of additional disk space)
Ch standard edition - standard edition is freeware for windows/Unix

For c-repl - there is a quick tutorial on c-repl homepage as an example session; but here is how the same commands behave on my Ubuntu Lucid system, with the repository version (edit: see Where can I find c-repl documentation? for a better example):

$ c-repl 
> int x = 3
> ++x
> .p x
unknown command: p
> printf("%d %p\n", x, &x)
4 0xbbd014
> .t fprintf
repl is ok
> #include <unistd.h>
<stdin>:1:22: warning: extra tokens at end of #include directive
> getp
p getp
No symbol "getp" in current context.
> printf("%d\n", getpid())
10284
> [Ctrl+C]
/usr/bin/c-repl:185:in `readline': Interrupt
    from /usr/bin/c-repl:185:in `input_loop'
    from /usr/bin/c-repl:184:in `loop'
    from /usr/bin/c-repl:184:in `input_loop'
    from /usr/bin/c-repl:203

Apparently, it would be best to build c-repl from latest source.

For cint it was a bit difficult to find something relateed to it directly (the webpage refers to ROOT Tutorials instead), but then I found "Le Huy: Using CINT - C/C++ Interpreter - Basic Commands"; and here is an example session from my system:

(Note: if cint is not available on your distribution's package root-system-bin, try root instead.)

$ cint

cint : C/C++ interpreter  (mailing list 'cint@root.cern.ch')
   Copyright(c) : 1995~2005 Masaharu Goto (gotom@hanno.jp)
   revision     : 5.16.29, Jan 08, 2008 by M.Goto

No main() function found in given source file. Interactive interface started.
'?':help, '.q':quit, 'statement','{statements;}' or '.p [expr]' to evaluate

cint> L iostream
Error: Symbol Liostream is not defined in current scope  (tmpfile):1:
*** Interpreter error recovered ***
cint> {#include <iostream>}
cint> files
Error: Symbol files is not defined in current scope  (tmpfile):1:
*** Interpreter error recovered ***
cint> {int x=3;}
cint> {++x}
Syntax Error: ++x Maybe missing ';' (tmpfile):2:
*** Interpreter error recovered ***
cint> {++x;}
(int)4
cint> .p x
(int)4
cint> printf("%d %p\n", x, &x)
4 0x8d57720
(const int)12
cint> printf("%d\n", getpid())
Error: Function getpid() is not defined in current scope  (tmpfile):1:
*** Interpreter error recovered ***
cint> {#include <unistd.h>}
cint> printf("%d\n", getpid())
10535
(const int)6
cint> .q
  Bye... (try 'qqq' if still running)

In any case, that is exactly what I needed: ability to load headers, add variables, and inspect the memory they will take! Thanks again, everyone - Cheers!

回答5:

Python and c belongs to different kinds of language. Python is interpreted line by line when running, but c should compile, link and generate code to run.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4226156/linux-c-shell-like-environment-for-individual-execution-of-c-commands-c-i

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