Spring bean依赖注入、bean的装配及相关注解

那年仲夏 提交于 2020-01-20 11:03:53

依赖注入

Spring主要提供以下两种方法用于依赖注入

  • 基于属性Setter方法注入
  • 基于构造方法注入

Setter方法注入

例子:

public class Communication {
 
    private Messaging messaging;
      
     /*
     * DI via Setter
     */
    public void setMessaging(Messaging messaging){
        this.messaging = messaging;
    }
 
    public void communicate(){
        messaging.sendMessage();
    }
}

如上Communication类有一个messaging属性,并含有setMessaging方法,那么使用Setter方法注入的时候,只需要使用如下XML配置即可:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">
 
    <bean id="activeMqMessaging" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.impl.ActiveMQMessaging" />
 
    <bean id="communication" class="com.websystique.spring.Communication">
        <property name="messaging">
            <ref bean="activeMqMessaging" />
        </property>
    </bean>
 
</beans>

这里省略了ActiveMQMessaging的定义,实际上ActiveMQMessaging类是Messaging接口的一个实现类。

构造方法注入

例子

public class Communication {
 
    private Encryption encryption;
     
    /*
     * DI via Constructor Injection
     */
    public Communication(Encryption encryption){
        this.encryption = encryption;
    }
 
 
    public void communicate(){
        encryption.encryptData();
    }
 
}

注意以上Communication类有一个构造方法Communication(Encryption encryption),且含有一个入参,类型为Encryption,那么使用构造方法注入的时候,XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">
 
    <bean id="rsaEncryption" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.impl.RSAEncryption" />
 
    <bean id="communication" class="com.websystique.spring.Communication">
        <constructor-arg type="com.websystique.spring.domain.Encryption">
            <ref bean="rsaEncryption" />
        </constructor-arg>
    </bean>
 
</beans>

注意,这里省略了RSAEncryption的定义,不用在意这些细节,该类是Encryption接口的一个实现类。

另外,为了避免构造方法重载带来的歧义,这里指定了入参类型为com.websystique.spring.domain.Encryption。

装配

bean的装配有两种方式,手动装配和自动装配。注意,不要混淆,bean的装配是依赖注入的具体行为,依赖注入的时候需要根据bean的名称或类型等进行装配。

手动装配:通过在<property> 或者 <constructor>标签中使用ref属性,在上一小节的“依赖注入”部分使用的就是手动装配;

<!-- default example (autowire="no") -->
<bean id="driver" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Driver">
    <property name="license" ref="license"/>
</bean>
 
<bean id="license" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.License" >
    <property name="number" value="123456ABCD"/>
</bean>

自动装配:在<bean>标签中使用autowire属性;

<bean id="application" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Application" autowire="byName"/>

本小节主要关注自动装配,自动装配有以下四种方式:

  • autowire="byName" : 根据名称
  • autowire="byType" : 根据类型
  • autowire="constructor" : 根据构造方法入参类型
  • autowire="no" : 不使用自动装配,即默认方式,手动装配

autowire="byName"

例子:

public class Application {
 
    private ApplicationUser applicationUser;
 
    public ApplicationUser getApplicationUser() {
        return applicationUser;
    }
 
    public void setApplicationUser(ApplicationUser applicationUser) {
        this.applicationUser = applicationUser;
    }
 
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Application [applicationUser=" + applicationUser + "]";
    }
}

该类有一个属性叫applicationUser,那么根据名称自动装配的XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">
 
    <!-- byName example -->
    <bean id="application" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Application" autowire="byName"/>
 
    <bean id="applicationUser" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.ApplicationUser" >
        <property name="name" value="superUser"/>
    </bean>
</beans>

autowire="byType"

例子

public class Employee {
 
    private EmployeeAddress address;
 
    public EmployeeAddress getAddress() {
        return address;
    }
 
    public void setAddress(EmployeeAddress address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
 
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Employee [address=" + address + "]";
    }
}

该类有一个属性类型为EmployeeAddress,那么根据类型自动装配的XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">
 
    <!-- byType example -->
    <bean id="employee" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Employee" autowire="byType"/>
 
    <bean id="employeeAddress" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.EmployeeAddress" >
        <property name="street" value="112/223,SantaVila"/>
        <property name="city" value="Nebraska"/>
    </bean>
 
</beans>

autowire="constructor"

例子

public class Performer {
     
    private Instrument instrument;
     
    public Performer(Instrument instrument){
        this.instrument = instrument;
    }
 
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Performer [instrument=" + instrument + "]";
    }
}

该类有一个构造方法,入参的类型为Instrument,那么根据构造方法自动装配的XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">
 
    <!-- constructor example -->
    <bean id="performer" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Performer" autowire="constructor"/>
 
    <bean id="instrument" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Instrument" >
        <property name="name" value="PIANO"/>
    </bean>
 
</beans>

autowire="no"

public class Driver {
 
    private License license;
     
    public void setLicense(License license) {
        this.license = license;
    }
 
    public License getLicense() {
        return license;
    }
 
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";
    }
}

该类有一个属性license,由于我们不打算使用自动装配功能,那么只能使用手动装配了,XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">
 
    <!-- default example (autowire="no") -->
    <bean id="driver" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Driver" autowire="no">
        <property name="license" ref="license"/>
    </bean>
 
    <bean id="license" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.License" >
        <property name="number" value="123456ABCD"/>
    </bean>
 
</beans>

注意,如果不配置license的ref引用的话,license将为null。

相关注解

主要涉及以下三个注解

  • @Autowired
  • @Resource
  • @Qualifier

@Autowired可应用于构造方法、属性、setter方法或配置类@Configuration的方法上,该注解根据bean的数据类型进行装配,如果你想希望根据bean的名称进行装配可以使用带name属性的@Resource注解;另外@Qualifier注解经常与@Autowired注解结合使用,用于解决一个应用中存在多个同种类型的bean的情况,下面将给出各个注解的示例。

@Autowired(根据类型自动装配)

setter方法上

@Component("driver")
public class Driver {
 
    private License license;
     
    @Autowired
    public void setLicense(License license) {
        this.license = license;
    }
 
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";
    }
    //getter
}

构造方法上

@Component("driver")
public class Driver {
 
    private License license;
     
    @Autowired
    public Driver(License license){
        this.license = license;
    }
     
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";
    }
}

属性上

@Component("driver")
public class Driver {
    @Autowired
    private License license;
     
    //getter,setter
 
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";
    }
}

@Resource(根据名称装配)

@Component("application")
public class Application {
 
    @Resource(name="applicationUser")
    private ApplicationUser user;
 
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Application [user=" + user + "]";
    }
}

@Qualifier(与@Autowired结合使用,实现按名称装配)

例子背景::存在两个Car接口的实现类,其中一个Car接口的实现类已被注册为bean,且name为Mustang

@Component
public class Bond {
 
    @Autowired
    @Qualifier("Mustang")
    private Car car;
     
    public void showCar(){
        car.getCarName();
    }
}

注意,以上例子如果不使用@Qualifier限定的话,将抛出如下异常,表明存在多个类型相同的bean:

Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [com.websystique.spring.domain.Car] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: Ferari,Mustang
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:970)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:858)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:480)
    ... 14 more

最后提醒下,被@Autowired注解标注默认情况下能保证成功注入,如果注入不成功(往往是找不到,或存在歧义),Spring会抛出异常。当然,有时候可能会有特殊需求,不希望bean被强制装配,那么可以在@Autowired上添加required=false属性,表明该bean的装配是可选的,找不到的话,就为null吧,如下示例:

@Component("driver")
public class Driver {
    @Autowired(required=false)
    private License license;
     
    //getter,setter
 
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";
    }
}

基于以上原因,虽然@Autowired注解与@Resource功能类似,但是@Autowired还是比@Resource强大了那么一点点,个人建议使用@Autowired注解。

参考资料

http://websystique.com/spring/spring-dependency-injection-example-with-constructor-and-property-setter-xml-example/

http://websystique.com/spring/spring-beans-auto-wiring-example-using-xml-configuration/

http://websystique.com/spring/spring-dependency-injection-annotation-beans-auto-wiring-using-autowired-qualifier-resource-annotations-configuration/

 

 

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