问题
I would like a long-latency single-uop x861 instruction, in order to create long dependency chains as part of testing microarchitectural features.
Currently I'm using fsqrt, but I'm wondering is there is something better.
Ideally, the instruction will score well on the following criteria:
- Long latency
- Stable/fixed latency
- One or a few uops (especially: not microcoded)
- Consumes as few uarch resources as possible (load/store buffers, page walkers, etc)
- Able to chain (latency-wise) with itself
- Able to chain input and out with GP registers
- Doesn't interfere with normal OoO execution (beyond whatever ROB, RS, etc, resources it consumes)
So fsqrt is OK in most senses, but the latency isn't that long and it seems hard to chain with GP regs.
1 On modern Intel x86 in particular, with bonus points if it also works well on AMD Zen*.
回答1:
Mainstream Intel CPUs don't have any very long latency single-uop integer instructions. There are integer ALUs for 1-cycle latency uops on all ALU ports, and a 3-cycle-latency pipelined ALU on port 1. I think AMD is similar.
The div/sqrt unit is the only truly high-latency ALU, but integer div/idiv are microcoded on Intel so yes, use FP where div/sqrt are typically single-uop instructions.
AMD's integer div / idiv are 2-uop instructions (presumably to write the 2 outputs), with data-dependent latency.
Also, AMD Bulldozer/Piledriver (where 2 integer cores share a SIMD/FP unit) has pretty high latency for movd xmm, r32 (10c 2 uops) and movd r32, xmm (8c 1 uop). Steamroller shortens that by 1c each. Ryzen has 3-cycle 1 uop in either direction.
movd to/from XMM regs is cheap on Intel: single-uop with 1-cycle (Broadwell and earlier) or 2-cycle latency (Skylake). (https://agner.org/optimize/)
sqrtss has fixed latency (on IvB and later), other than maybe with subnormal inputs. If your chain-with-integer involves just movd xmm, r32 of an arbitrary integer bit-pattern, you might want to set DAZ/FTZ to remove the possibility of FP assists. NaN inputs are fine; that doesn't cause a slowdown for SSE/AVX math, only x87.
Other CPUs (Sandybridge and earlier, and all AMD) have variable-latency sqrtss so you probably want to control the starting bit-pattern there.
Same goes if you want to use sqrtsd for higher latency per uop than sqrtss. It's still variable latency even on Skylake. (15-16 cycles).
You can assume that the latency is a pure function of the input bit-pattern, so starting a chain of sqrtss instructions with the same input every time will give the same sequence of latencies. Or with a starting input of 0.0, 1.0, +inf, or NaN, you'll get the same latency for every uop in the sequence.
(Simple inputs like 1.0 and 0.0 (few significant figures in the input and output) presumably run with the lowest latency. sqrt(1.0) = 1.0 and sqrt(0) = 0, so these are self-perpetuating. Same for sqrt(NaN) = NaN)
You might use and reg, 0 or other non-dep-breaking zeroing as part of your chain to control the input bit-pattern. Or perhaps or reg, -1 to create NaN. Then you can get fixed latency on Sandybridge or earlier, and on AMD including Zen.
Or perhaps pinsrw xmm0, eax, 7 (2 uops for port 5 on Intel) to only modify the high qword of an XMM, leaving the bottom as known 0.0 or 1.0. Probably cheaper to just and with 0 and use movd, unless port-5 pressure is a non-issue.
To create a throughput bottleneck (not latency), your best bet on Skylake is vsqrtpd ymm - 1 uop for p0, latency = 15-16, throughput = 9-12.
On Broadwell and earlier, it was 3 uops (2p0 p15), but Skylake I think widened the SIMD divider (in preparation for AVX512 I guess).
回答2:
vsqrtss might be somewhat better than fsqrt since it at least satisfies relatively easy chaining with GP registers (since GP <-> vector is just a movd away).
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58566439/long-latency-instruction