Best practice for Python assert

问题

1. Is there a performance or code maintenance issue with using assert as part of the standard code instead of using it just for debugging purposes?

   Is

   assert x >= 0, \'x is less than zero\'
   

   better or worse than

   if x < 0:
       raise Exception, \'x is less than zero\'
   

2. Also, is there any way to set a business rule like if x < 0 raise error that is always checked without the try/except/finally so, if at anytime throughout the code x is less than 0 an error is raised, like if you set assert x < 0 at the start of a function, anywhere within the function where x becomes less then 0 an exception is raised?

回答1:

To be able to automatically throw an error when x become less than zero throughout the function. You can use class descriptors. Here is an example:

class LessThanZeroException(Exception):
    pass

class variable(object):
    def __init__(self, value=0):
        self.__x = value

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        if value < 0:
            raise LessThanZeroException('x is less than zero')

        self.__x  = value

    def __get__(self, obj, objType):
        return self.__x

class MyClass(object):
    x = variable()

>>> m = MyClass()
>>> m.x = 10
>>> m.x -= 20
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "my.py", line 7, in __set__
    raise LessThanZeroException('x is less than zero')
LessThanZeroException: x is less than zero

回答2:

Asserts should be used to test conditions that should never happen. The purpose is to crash early in the case of a corrupt program state.

Exceptions should be used for errors that can conceivably happen, and you should almost always create your own Exception classes.

---

For example, if you're writing a function to read from a configuration file into a dict, improper formatting in the file should raise a ConfigurationSyntaxError, while you can assert that you're not about to return None.

---

In your example, if x is a value set via a user interface or from an external source, an exception is best.

If x is only set by your own code in the same program, go with an assertion.

回答3:

"assert" statements are removed when the compilation is optimized. So, yes, there are both performance and functional differences.

The current code generator emits no code for an assert statement when optimization is requested at compile time. - Python 2.6.4 Docs

If you use assert to implement application functionality, then optimize the deployment to production, you will be plagued by "but-it-works-in-dev" defects.

See PYTHONOPTIMIZE and -O -OO

回答4:

The four purposes of assert

Assume you work on 200,000 lines of code with four colleagues Alice, Bernd, Carl, and Daphne. They call your code, you call their code.

Then assert has four roles:

1. Inform Alice, Bernd, Carl, and Daphne what your code expects.
   Assume you have a method that processes a list of tuples and the program logic can break if those tuples are not immutable:

   def mymethod(listOfTuples):
       assert(all(type(tp)==tuple for tp in listOfTuples))
   

   This is more trustworthy than equivalent information in the documentation and much easier to maintain.

2. Inform the computer what your code expects.
   assert enforces proper behavior from the callers of your code. If your code calls Alices's and Bernd's code calls yours, then without the assert, if the program crashes in Alices code, Bernd might assume it was Alice's fault, Alice investigates and might assume it was your fault, you investigate and tell Bernd it was in fact his. Lots of work lost.
   With asserts, whoever gets a call wrong, they will quickly be able to see it was their fault, not yours. Alice, Bernd, and you all benefit. Saves immense amounts of time.

3. Inform the readers of your code (including yourself) what your code has achieved at some point.
   Assume you have a list of entries and each of them can be clean (which is good) or it can be smorsh, trale, gullup, or twinkled (which are all not acceptable). If it's smorsh it must be unsmorshed; if it's trale it must be baludoed; if it's gullup it must be trotted (and then possibly paced, too); if it's twinkled it must be twinkled again except on Thursdays. You get the idea: It's complicated stuff. But the end result is (or ought to be) that all entries are clean. The Right Thing(TM) to do is to summarize the effect of your cleaning loop as

   assert(all(entry.isClean() for entry in mylist))
   

   This statements saves a headache for everybody trying to understand what exactly it is that the wonderful loop is achieving. And the most frequent of these people will likely be yourself.

4. Inform the computer what your code has achieved at some point.
   Should you ever forget to pace an entry needing it after trotting, the assert will save your day and avoid that your code breaks dear Daphne's much later.

In my mind, assert's two purposes of documentation (1 and 3) and safeguard (2 and 4) are equally valuable.
Informing the people may even be more valuable than informing the computer because it can prevent the very mistakes the assert aims to catch (in case 1) and plenty of subsequent mistakes in any case.

回答5:

In addition to the other answers, asserts themselves throw exceptions, but only AssertionErrors. From a utilitarian standpoint, assertions aren't suitable for when you need fine grain control over which exceptions you catch.

回答6:

The only thing that's really wrong with this approach is that it's hard to make a very descriptive exception using assert statements. If you're looking for the simpler syntax, remember you can also do something like this:

class XLessThanZeroException(Exception):
    pass

def CheckX(x):
    if x < 0:
        raise XLessThanZeroException()

def foo(x):
    CheckX(x)
    #do stuff here

Another problem is that using assert for normal condition-checking is that it makes it difficult to disable the debugging asserts using the -O flag.

回答7:

The English language word assert here is used in the sense of swear, affirm, avow. It doesn't mean "check" or "should be". It means that you as a coder are making a sworn statement here:

# I solemnly swear that here I will tell the truth, the whole truth, 
# and nothing but the truth, under pains and penalties of perjury, so help me FSM
assert answer == 42

If the code is correct, barring Single-event upsets, hardware failures and such, no assert will ever fail. That is why the behaviour of the program to an end user must not be affected. Especially, an assert cannot fail even under exceptional programmatic conditions. It just doesn't ever happen. If it happens, the programmer should be zapped for it.

回答8:

As has been said previously, assertions should be used when your code SHOULD NOT ever reach a point, meaning there is a bug there. Probably the most useful reason I can see to use an assertion is an invariant/pre/postcondition. These are something that must be true at the start or end of each iteration of a loop or a function.

For example, a recursive function (2 seperate functions so 1 handles bad input and the other handles bad code, cause it's hard to distinguish with recursion). This would make it obvious if I forgot to write the if statement, what had gone wrong.

def SumToN(n):
    if n <= 0:
        raise ValueError, "N must be greater than or equal to 0"
    else:
        return RecursiveSum(n)

def RecursiveSum(n):
    #precondition: n >= 0
    assert(n >= 0)
    if n == 0:
        return 0
    return RecursiveSum(n - 1) + n
    #postcondition: returned sum of 1 to n

These loop invariants often can be represented with an assertion.

回答9:

Is there a performance issue?

• Please remember to "make it work first before you make it work fast".
  Very few percent of any program are usually relevant for its speed. You can always kick out or simplify an assert if it ever proves to be a performance problem -- and most of them never will.

• Be pragmatic:
  Assume you have a method that processes a non-empty list of tuples and the program logic will break if those tuples are not immutable. You should write:

  def mymethod(listOfTuples):
      assert(all(type(tp)==tuple for tp in listOfTuples))
  

  This is probably fine if your lists tend to be ten entries long, but it can become a problem if they have a million entries. But rather than discarding this valuable check entirely you could simply downgrade it to

  def mymethod(listOfTuples):
      assert(type(listOfTuples[0])==tuple)  # in fact _all_ must be tuples!
  

  which is cheap but will likely catch most of the actual program errors anyway.

回答10:

There's a framework called JBoss Drools for java that does runtime monitoring to assert business rules, which answers the second part of your question. However, I am unsure if there is such a framework for python.

回答11:

An Assert is to check -
1. the valid condition,
2. the valid statement,
3. true logic;
of source code. Instead of failing the whole project it gives an alarm that something is not appropriate in your source file.

In example 1, since variable 'str' is not nul. So no any assert or exception get raised.

Example 1:

#!/usr/bin/python

str = 'hello Pyhton!'
strNull = 'string is Null'

if __debug__:
    if not str: raise AssertionError(strNull)
print str

if __debug__:
    print 'FileName '.ljust(30,'.'),(__name__)
    print 'FilePath '.ljust(30,'.'),(__file__)


------------------------------------------------------

Output:
hello Pyhton!
FileName ..................... hello
FilePath ..................... C:/Python\hello.py

In example 2, var 'str' is nul. So we are saving the user from going ahead of faulty program by assert statement.

Example 2:

#!/usr/bin/python

str = ''
strNull = 'NULL String'

if __debug__:
    if not str: raise AssertionError(strNull)
print str

if __debug__:
    print 'FileName '.ljust(30,'.'),(__name__)
    print 'FilePath '.ljust(30,'.'),(__file__)


------------------------------------------------------

Output:
AssertionError: NULL String

The moment we don't want debug and realized the assertion issue in the source code. Disable the optimization flag

python -O assertStatement.py
nothing will get print

回答12:

In IDE's such as PTVS, PyCharm, Wing assert isinstance() statements can be used to enable code completion for some unclear objects.

回答13:

If you're dealing with legacy code which relies on assert to function properly, even though it should not, then adding the following code is a quick fix until you find time to refactor:

try:
    assert False
    raise Exception('Python Assertions are not working. This tool relies on Python Assertions to do its job. Possible causes are running with the "-O" flag or running a precompiled (".pyo" or ".pyc") module.')
except AssertionError:
    pass

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/944592/best-practice-for-python-assert