TypeErrors using metaclasses in conjunction with multiple inheritance

问题

I have two questions converning metaclasses and multiple inheritance. The first is: Why do I get a TypeError for the class Derived but not for Derived2?

class Metaclass(type): pass

class Klass(object):
    __metaclass__  = Metaclass

#class Derived(object, Klass): pass # if I uncomment this, I get a TypeError

class OtherClass(object): pass

class Derived2(OtherClass, Klass): pass # I do not get a TypeError for this

The exact error message is:

TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases Cannot create a consistent method resolution order (MRO) for bases object, Klass

The second question is: Why does super not work in this case(if I use __init__ instead of __new__, super works again):

class Metaclass(type):
    def __new__(self, name, bases, dict_):
        return super(Metaclass, self).__new__(name, bases, dict_)

class Klass(object):
    __metaclass__  = Metaclass

There I get:

TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases type.__new__(X): X is not a type object (str)

I'm using Python 2.6.

回答1:

The second question has already been well answered twice, though __new__ is actually a staticmethod, not a classmethod as erroneously claimed in a comment...:

>>> class sic(object):
...   def __new__(cls, *x): return object.__new__(cls, *x)
... 
>>> type(sic.__dict__['__new__'])
<type 'staticmethod'>

The first question (as somebody noted) has nothing to do with metaclasses: you simply can't multiply inherit from any two classes A and B in this order where B is a subclass of A. E.g.:

>>> class cis(sic): pass
... 
>>> class oops(sic, cis): pass
... 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases
    Cannot create a consistent method resolution
order (MRO) for bases sic, cis

The MRO guarantees that leftmost bases are visited before rightmost ones - but it also guarantees that among ancestors if x is a subclass of y then x is visited before y. It's impossible to satisfy both of these guarantees in this case. There's a good reason for these guarantees of course: without them (e.g. in old style classes, which only guarantee the left-right order in method resolution, not the subclass constraint) all overrides in x would be ignored in favor of the definitions in y, and that can't make much sense. Think about it: what does it mean to inherit from object first, and from some other class second? That object's (essentially nonexistent;-) definition of its several special methods must take precedence over the other class's, causing the other class's overrides to be ignored?

回答2:

For the first question, have a look at the description of MRO in python - specifically, the "bad Method Resolution order" section. Essentially, it's to do with the fact that python doesn't know whether to use object or Klass's methods. (It's nothing to do with the usage of metaclasses.)

For the second question, it looks like you're misunderstanding how the __new__ function works. It doesn't take a reference to itself as the first argument - it takes a reference to the type of the class being instantiated. So your code should look like this:

class Metaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dictn):
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dictn)

回答3:

For the second question, you need to pass self to __new__ like this:

class Metaclass(type):
    def __new__(self, name, bases, dict_):
        return super(Metaclass, self).__new__(self, name, bases, dict_)

class Klass(object):
    __metaclass__  = Metaclass

I can't recall off the top of my head why this is, but I think it's because type.__new__ isn't a bound method and thus doesn't magically get the self argument.