问题
I am very new to openacc and have just high-level knowledge so any help and explanation of what I am doing wrong would be appreciated.
I am trying to accelerate(parallelize) a not so straightforward nested loop that updates a flattened (3D to 1D) array using openacc directives. I have posted a simplified sample code below that when compiled using
pgcc -acc -Minfo=accel test.c
gives the following error:
call to cuStreamSynchronize returned error 700: Illegal address during kernel execution
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define min(a,b) (a > b) ? b : a
#define max(a,b) (a < b) ? b : a
#define NX 10
#define NY 10
#define NZ 10
struct phiType {
double dx, dy, dz;
double * distance;
};
typedef struct phiType Phi;
#pragma acc routine seq
double solve(Phi *p, int index) {
// for simplicity just returning a value
return 2;
}
void fast_sweep(Phi *p) {
// removing boundaries
int x = NX - 2;
int y = NY - 2;
int z = NZ - 2;
int startLevel = 3;
int endLevel = x + y + z;
#pragma acc data copy(p->distance[0:NX*NY*NZ])
for(int level = startLevel; level <= endLevel; level++){
int ks = max(1, level-(y + z));
int ke = min(x, level-2);
int js = max(1, level-(x + z));
int je = min(y, level-2);
#pragma acc region
{
#pragma acc loop independent
for(int k = ks; k <= ke; k++){
#pragma acc loop independent
for(int j = js; j <= je; j++){
int i = level - (k + j);
if(i > 0 && i <= z){
int index = i * NX * NY + j * NX + k;
p->distance[index] = solve(p, index);
}
}
}
}
}
}
void create_phi(Phi *p){
p->dx = 1;
p->dy = 1;
p->dz = 1;
p->distance = (double *) malloc(sizeof(double) * NX * NY * NZ);
for(int i = 0; i < NZ; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < NY; j++){
for(int k = 0; k < NX; k++){
int index = i * NX * NY + j * NX + k;
p->distance[index] = (i*j*k == 0) ? 0 : 1;
}
}
}
}
int main()
{
printf("start \n");
Phi *p = (Phi *) malloc(sizeof(Phi));
create_phi(p);
printf("calling fast sweep \n");
fast_sweep(p);
printf(" print the results \n");
for(int i = 0; i < NZ; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < NY; j++){
for(int k = 0; k < NX; k++){
int index = i * NX * NY + j * NX + k;
printf("%f ", p->distance[index]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Instead of using the region and loop directives, using the
#pragma acc kernels
produces the following error:
solve:
19, Generating acc routine seq
fast_sweep:
34, Generating copy(p->distance[:1000])
42, Generating copy(p[:1])
45, Loop carried dependence due to exposed use of p[:1] prevents parallelization
Accelerator scalar kernel generated
47, Loop carried dependence due to exposed use of p[:i1+1] prevents parallelization
I am running this code on
GNU/Linux
CentOS release 6.7 (Final)
GeForce GTX Titan
pgcc 15.7-0 64-bit target on x86-64 Linux -tp sandybridge
回答1:
The error is coming from the compute kernel on the GPU dereferencing a CPU pointer. This is a pretty common problem and something that the OpenACC committee is working on solving. Dynamic data structures like these can really cause a lot of problems, so we want to fix it. Here's two possible workarounds for you.
1) Use "managed memory" via the PGI "unified memory evaluation package" option during compiler installation. This is a beta feature, but it will put all of your data into a special type of memory that is visible to both the CPU and GPU. There's a lot of caveats that you should read about in the documentation, most namely that you're limited to the amount of memory available on the GPU and that you cannot access the memory from the CPU while it's being used on the GPU, but it's one possible workaround. Assuming you enabled that option during installation, just add -ta=tesla:managed to your compiler flags to turn it on. I tried this with your code and it worked.
2) Add a pointer to your code so that you're not accessing distance through p, but your accessing it directly, like so:
double *distance = p->distance;
#pragma acc data copy(p[0:1],distance[0:NX*NY*NZ])
for(int level = startLevel; level <= endLevel; level++){
int ks = max(1, level-(y + z));
int ke = min(x, level-2);
int js = max(1, level-(x + z));
int je = min(y, level-2);
#pragma acc parallel
{
#pragma acc loop independent
for(int k = ks; k <= ke; k++){
#pragma acc loop independent
for(int j = js; j <= je; j++){
int i = level - (k + j);
if(i > 0 && i <= z){
int index = i * NX * NY + j * NX + k;
distance[index] = solve(p, index);
}
}
}
}
I know this can be a pain when there's a lot of data arrays to do this to, but it's a workaround that I've used successfully in a lot of codes. It's unfortunate that this is necessary, which is why we'd like to provide a better solution in a future version of OpenACC.
I hope this helps! If I can come up with a solution that doesn't require the extra pointer, I'll update this answer.
回答2:
Jeff is correct that the OpenACC committee is still working on how to standardize support for aggregate data types with dynamic data members. However with PGI version 14.9 or later, we have added better support for structs as well as C++ classes so in this case you can simplify the code by just adding create(p[0:1]). What will happen is that the compiler will create a device copy of p with memory allocated for just the data members. Then when you do the copy of p->distance, memory will be allocated for "distance" and then attach it to p. (i.e. the run time will fill in the device pointer in the struct).
There are caveats. First is that this behavior has not been standardized so other compilers such as Cray, Pathscale, GCC, and others may have different behavior. Second, order matters. p needs to be created before distance can be attached. Third, more complex data structures become very difficult to manage. As Jeff suggests, using CUDA Unified Memory is a good alternative for managing complex data structures.
If you're interested, much of my GTC2015 presentation discuss this topic (link). The focus of the talk is on C++ Class data management, but is applicable to C structs as well.
Hope this helps, Mat
% cat test1.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define min(a,b) (a > b) ? b : a
#define max(a,b) (a < b) ? b : a
#define NX 10
#define NY 10
#define NZ 10
struct phiType {
double dx, dy, dz;
double * distance;
};
typedef struct phiType Phi;
#pragma acc routine seq
double solve(Phi *p, int index) {
// for simplicity just returning a value
return 2;
}
void fast_sweep(Phi *p) {
// removing boundaries
int x = NX - 2;
int y = NY - 2;
int z = NZ - 2;
int startLevel = 3;
int endLevel = x + y + z;
#pragma acc data create(p[0:1]) copy(p->distance[0:NX*NY*NZ])
for(int level = startLevel; level <= endLevel; level++){
int ks = max(1, level-(y + z));
int ke = min(x, level-2);
int js = max(1, level-(x + z));
int je = min(y, level-2);
#pragma acc region
{
#pragma acc loop independent
for(int k = ks; k <= ke; k++){
#pragma acc loop independent
for(int j = js; j <= je; j++){
int i = level - (k + j);
if(i > 0 && i <= z){
int index = i * NX * NY + j * NX + k;
p->distance[index] = solve(p, index);
}
}
}
}
}
}
void create_phi(Phi *p){
p->dx = 1;
p->dy = 1;
p->dz = 1;
p->distance = (double *) malloc(sizeof(double) * NX * NY * NZ);
for(int i = 0; i < NZ; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < NY; j++){
for(int k = 0; k < NX; k++){
int index = i * NX * NY + j * NX + k;
p->distance[index] = (i*j*k == 0) ? 0 : 1;
}
}
}
}
int main()
{
printf("start \n");
Phi *p = (Phi *) malloc(sizeof(Phi));
create_phi(p);
printf("calling fast sweep \n");
fast_sweep(p);
printf(" print the results \n");
for(int i = 0; i < NZ; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < NY; j++){
for(int k = 0; k < NX; k++){
int index = i * NX * NY + j * NX + k;
printf("%f ", p->distance[index]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
% pgcc -acc -ta=tesla:cc35 -Minfo=accel test1.c -V15.7 ; a.out
solve:
19, Generating acc routine seq
fast_sweep:
34, Generating create(p[:1])
Generating copy(p->distance[:1000])
45, Loop is parallelizable
47, Loop is parallelizable
Accelerator kernel generated
Generating Tesla code
45, #pragma acc loop gang /* blockIdx.y */
47, #pragma acc loop gang, vector(128) /* blockIdx.x threadIdx.x */
start
calling fast sweep
print the results
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32190696/using-openacc-to-parallelize-nested-loops