问题
Porting over a chapter 7 example of instanced rendering from Superbible OpenGL 7th ed. and run into a problem with the function glBufferSubData
Whatever I do to it, it won't accept the data. Make it into a pointer, a byte string, list itself. Please help any assistance would be very much appreciated. Thank You.
Update: Using the excellent answer from Rabbid76 the function glBufferSubData is now accepting the data and the numpy version is very nice, the ctypes version is an insightful answer and very good to know. Also, about the 2nd parameter, it does indeed need to be a int or long, not a GLuint(0) in python.
Update and Success: Another very fine answer by Rabbid76 to get the rendering working.
The function glVertexAttribPointer needs a pointer to the lengths of the initial lists of data so it can offset. Thank You very much.
source code to: instancedattribs.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
import sys
import time
import ctypes
fullscreen = True
try:
from OpenGL.GLUT import *
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from OpenGL.raw.GL.ARB.vertex_array_object import glGenVertexArrays, glBindVertexArray
except:
print ('''
ERROR: PyOpenGL not installed properly.
''')
sys.exit()
import numpy as np
square_buffer = GLuint(0)
square_vao = GLuint(0)
square_program = GLuint(0)
square_vs_source = '''
#version 410 core
layout (location = 0) in vec4 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec4 instance_color;
layout (location = 2) in vec4 instance_position;
out Fragment
{
vec4 color;
} fragment;
void main(void)
{
gl_Position = (position + instance_position) * vec4(0.25, 0.25, 1.0, 1.0);
fragment.color = instance_color;
}
'''
square_fs_source = '''
#version 410 core
precision highp float;
in Fragment
{
vec4 color;
} fragment;
out vec4 color;
void main(void)
{
color = fragment.color;
}
'''
class Scene:
def __init__(self, width, height):
global square_buffer
global square_vao
global square_program
self.width = width
self.height = height
square_vertices = np.array([
-1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0,
1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0,
1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0,
-1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0], dtype='float32')
instance_colors = np.array([
1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0,
0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0,
1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0], dtype='float32')
instance_positions = np.array([
-2.0, -2.0, 0.0, 0.0,
2.0, -2.0, 0.0, 0.0,
2.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0,
-2.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0], dtype='float32')
glGenVertexArrays(1, square_vao)
glGenBuffers(1, square_buffer)
glBindVertexArray(square_vao)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, square_buffer)
offset = 0 # not GLuint(0)
bufferSize = (len(square_vertices) + len(instance_colors) + len(instance_positions))*4
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bufferSize, None, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(square_vertices)*4, square_vertices)
offset += len(square_vertices)*4
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(instance_colors)*4, instance_colors)
offset += len(instance_colors)*4
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(instance_positions)*4, instance_positions)
offset += len(instance_positions)*4
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, None)
offsetInstanceColor = len(square_vertices)*4
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, ctypes.c_void_p(offsetInstanceColor))
offsetInstancPosition = (len(instance_colors) + len(instance_positions))*4
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, ctypes.c_void_p(offsetInstancPosition))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2)
glVertexAttribDivisor(1, 1)
glVertexAttribDivisor(2, 1)
square_program = glCreateProgram()
square_vs = GLuint(0)
square_vs = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
glShaderSource(square_vs, square_vs_source)
glCompileShader(square_vs)
glAttachShader(square_program, square_vs)
square_fs = GLuint(0)
square_fs = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
glShaderSource(square_fs, square_fs_source)
glCompileShader(square_fs)
glAttachShader(square_program, square_fs)
glLinkProgram(square_program)
glDeleteShader(square_vs)
glDeleteShader(square_fs)
def display(self):
black = [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ]
glClearBufferfv(GL_COLOR, 0, black)
glUseProgram(square_program)
glBindVertexArray(square_vao)
glDrawArraysInstanced(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 0, 4, 4)
glutSwapBuffers()
def reshape(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height
def keyboard(self, key, x, y ):
global fullscreen
print ('key:' , key)
if key == b'\x1b': # ESC
sys.exit()
elif key == b'f' or key == b'F': #fullscreen toggle
if (fullscreen == True):
glutReshapeWindow(512, 512)
glutPositionWindow(int((1360/2)-(512/2)), int((768/2)-(512/2)))
fullscreen = False
else:
glutFullScreen()
fullscreen = True
print('done')
def init(self):
pass
def timer(self, blah):
glutPostRedisplay()
glutTimerFunc( int(1/60), self.timer, 0)
time.sleep(1/60.0)
if __name__ == '__main__':
start = time.time()
glutInit()
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH)
glutInitWindowSize(512, 512)
w1 = glutCreateWindow('OpenGL SuperBible - Instanced Attributes')
glutInitWindowPosition(int((1360/2)-(512/2)), int((768/2)-(512/2)))
fullscreen = False
many_cubes = False
#glutFullScreen()
scene = Scene(512,512)
glutReshapeFunc(scene.reshape)
glutDisplayFunc(scene.display)
glutKeyboardFunc(scene.keyboard)
glutIdleFunc(scene.display)
#glutTimerFunc( int(1/60), scene.timer, 0)
scene.init()
glutMainLoop()
expected rendering output:
Ported from: instancedattribs.cpp
回答1:
In compare to glBufferData, PyOpenGl's glBufferSubData the size parameter can't be omitted.
You've to pass the size of the buffer (in bytes) and a pointer to the buffer. But note, the 2nd and the 3rd parameter have to be a python int or long, even PyOpneGL's GLuint will cause an error.
You've some possibilities, either create an array PyOpenGL's GLfloat
offset = 0
dataArray = (GLfloat*len(square_vertices))(*square_vertices)
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(dataArray)*4, dataArray)
or use pythons built-in ctypes library:
import ctypes
offset = 0
dataArray = (ctypes.c_float*len(square_vertices))(*square_vertices)
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(dataArray)*4, dataArray)
or create a NumPy array:
import numpy as np
offset = 0
dataArray = np.array(square_vertices, dtype='float32')
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(dataArray)*4, dataArray)
Note, for the 2nd and 3d parameter you can use a cast to either int (e.g int(offset)) or long (e.g. long(offset)).
Further note, the offset and size parameters to glBufferData, glBufferSubData and glVertexAttribPointer are values in size of bytes rather than the number of elements of the arrays.
The size in bytes is calculated by the number of elements multiplied by the size of 1 element.
The size of 1 element is 4, since the size of float (GLfloat, ctypes.c_float, 'float32') in bytes is 4.
If a named buffer object is bound, then the last parameter of glVertexAttribPointer is treated as a byte offset into the buffer object's data store, but the type of the parameter is still a pointer.
So you've to use ctypes.c_void_p(offset). If offset is 0 it is possible to pass None.
bufferSize = (len(square_vertices) + len(instance_colors) + len(instance_positions))*4
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bufferSize, None, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(square_vertices)*4, square_vertices)
offset += len(square_vertices)*4
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(instance_colors)*4, instance_colors)
offset += len(instance_colors)*4
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, len(instance_positions)*4, instance_positions)
offset += len(instance_positions)*4
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, None)
offsetInstanceColor = len(square_vertices)*4
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, ctypes.c_void_p(offsetInstanceColor))
offsetInstancPosition = (len(instance_colors) + len(instance_positions))*4
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, ctypes.c_void_p(offsetInstancPosition))
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56810151/glbuffersubdata-havent-implemented-type-inference-for-lists-yet-instanced-r