Is an infinite list of ones sane?

问题

In Prolog, is the unification X = [1|X] a sane way to get an infinite list of ones? SWI-Prolog does not have any problem with it, but GNU Prolog simply hangs.

I know that in most cases I could replace the list with

one(1).
one(X) :- one(X).

but my question is explicitly if one may use the expression X = [1|X], member(Y, X), Y = 1 in a "sane" Prolog implementation.

回答1:

In Prolog, is the unification X = [1|X] a sane way to get an infinite list of ones?

It depends on whether or not you consider it sane to produce an infinite list at all. In ISO-Prolog a unification like X = [1|X] is subject to occurs check (STO) and thus is undefined. That is, a standard-conforming program must not execute such a goal. To avoid this from happening, there is unify_with_occurs_check/2, subsumes_term/2. And to guard interfaces against receiving infinite terms, there is acyclic_term/1.

All current implementations terminate for X = [1|X]. Also GNU Prolog terminates:

| ?- X = [1|X], acyclic_term(X).

no

But for more complex cases, rational tree unification is needed. Compare this to Haskell where repeat 1 == repeat 1 causes ghci to freeze.

As for using rational trees in regular Prolog programs, this is quite interesting in the beginning but does not extend very well. As an example, it was believed for some time in the beginning 1980s that grammars will be implemented using rational trees. Alas, people are happy enough with DCGs alone. One reason why this isn't leaving research, is, because many notions Prolog programmers assume to exist, do not exist for rational trees. Take as an example the lexicographic term ordering which has no extension for rational trees. That is, there are rational trees that cannot be compared using standard term order. (Practically this means that you get quasi random results.) Which means that you cannot produce a sorted list containing such terms. Which again means that many built-ins like bagof/3 no longer work reliably with infinite terms.

For your example query, consider the following definition:

memberd(X, [X|_Xs]).
memberd(E, [X|Xs]) :-
   dif(E,X),
   memberd(E, Xs).

?- X = 1, Xs=[1|Xs], memberd(X,Xs).
X = 1,
Xs = [1|Xs] ;
false.

So sometimes there are simple ways to escape non-termination. But more often than not there are none.

回答2:

You don't get an infinite number of ones, of course, but what's called a rational or cyclic term. Not all Prolog systems support cyclic terms, however. Systems that provide some support for rational terms include CxProlog, ECLiPSe, SICStus, SWI-Prolog, and YAP. But be aware that there are differences between them regarding the computations that you can perform with rational terms.

A query such as:

X = [1|X], member(Y, X), Y = 1.

requires support for coinduction. You have a portable implementation of coinduction in Logtalk, which you can use with all the systems mentioned above. Coinduction requires that the Prolog system can create rational terms (using a query such as X = [1|X]), that can unify rational terms, and that can print bindings with rational terms in a non-ambigouos way.

For an example about enumerating (or testing) the elements of a rational list, see:

https://github.com/LogtalkDotOrg/logtalk3/blob/master/examples/coinduction/lists.lgt

Two sample queries for this example:

?- {coinduction(loader)}.
...
% (0 warnings)
true.
?- X = [1|X], lists::comember(Y, X), Y = 1.
X = [1|X],
Y = 1 ;
false.

?- X = [1, 2, 3| X], lists::comember(Y, X).
X = [1, 2, 3|X],
Y = 1 ;
X = [1, 2, 3|X],
Y = 2 ;
X = [1, 2, 3|X],
Y = 3 ;
false.

If you're interested in rational terms and coinduction, Logtalk's coinduction example includes several individual examples and bibliographic references.

回答3:

If you want to work with infinite lists, you can alternatively also revert to lazy lists. They have also a coinductive reading. Here is a simple Haskell like take predicate in Prolog that will evaluate an initial segment of a lazy list [Head|TailClosure]:

take(0, _, R) :- !, R = [].
take(N, C, [H|R]) :-
  call(C, [H|T]),
  M is N-1,
  take(M, T, R).

And here is a definition of the list of ones in this framework:

 one([1|one]).

As you can see you can expand the coinductive definition:

 Welcome to SWI-Prolog (threaded, 64 bits, version 7.7.1)
 SWI-Prolog comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software.

 ?- take(5,one,L).
 L = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1].

The requirements to make this work are much lower than in the case of rational terms. You only need a Prolog system that supports call/n which is required by ISO core standard, in its corrigendum 2. On the other hand rational terms are not required.

Its possible to define irrational lists this way and also to code stream processors that combine different streams. There is a growing literature about certain applications as for example exact reals and theorem provers like Coq, HOL/Isabelle, .. can reason about such streams.