轻量级网络库libevent初探

一曲冷凌霜 提交于 2019-12-23 03:48:09

  本文是关于libevent库第一篇博文,主要由例子来说明如何利用该库。后续博文再深入研究该库原理。

libevent库简介

  就如libevent官网上所写的“libevent - an event notification library”,libevent就是一个基于事件通知机制的库,支持/dev/poll、kqueue、event ports、select、poll和epoll事件机制,也因此它是一个跨操作系统的库(支持Linux、*BSD、Mac OS X、Solaris、Windows等)。目前应用该库的有Chromium、Memcached、NTP、tmux等应用。

  libevent 库实际上没有更换select()、poll()或其他机制的基础,而是使用对于每个平台最高效的高性能解决方案,在其实现外加上一个包装器。

  为了实际处理每个请求,libevent 库提供一种事件机制,它作为底层网络后端的包装器。事件系统让为连接添加处理函数变得非常简便,同时降低了底层 I/O 复杂性。这是 libevent 系统的核心。

  libevent 库的其他组件提供其他功能,包括缓冲的事件系统(用于缓冲发送到客户端/从客户端接收的数据)以及 HTTP、DNS 和 RPC 系统的核心实现。

  另外,libevent库非常轻量级,这让我们学习它的源码难度低了不少。关于源码分析具体可参考:

  Libevent源码分析

  libevent源码深度剖析

  如果要生成libevent库的文档,可参考博文使用Doxygen生成libevent document(2.0.15)-- CHM格式。 

回显服务端示例

简易流程

  创建 libevent 服务器的基本方法是,注册当发生某一操作(比如接受来自客户端的连接)时应该执行的函数,然后调用主事件循环event_base_dispatch()。执行过程的控制由 libevent系统处理。注册事件和将调用的函数之后,事件系统开始自治;在应用程序运行时,可以在事件队列中添加(注册)或删除(取消注册)事件。事件注册非常方便,可以通过它添加新事件以处理新打开的连接,从而构建灵活的网络处理系统。

  例如,可以打开一个监听套接字,然后注册一个回调函数,每当需要调用accept()函数以打开新连接时调用这个回调函数,这样就创建了一个网络服务器。下边所示的代码片段说明了这个基本过程:

 1 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 2 {
 3     /* Declare a socket file descriptor. */
 4     evutil_socket_t listenfd;
 5 
 6     /* Setup listening socket */
 7 
 8     /* Make the listen socket reuseable and non-blocking. */
 9     evutil_make_listen_socket_reuseable(listenfd);
10     evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(listenfd);
11 
12     /* Declare an event_base to host events. */
13     struct event_base *base = event_base_new();
14 
15     /* Register listen event. */
16     struct event *listen_event;
17     listen_event = event_new(base, listenfd, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, do_accetp, (void *)base);
18     event_add(listen_event, NULL);
19 
20     /* Start the event loop. */
21     event_base_dispatch(base);
22 
23     /* End. */
24     close(listenfd);25     return 0;
26 }

  下边详细介绍上边程序中用到的libevent中的API:

  1)evutil_socket_t 定义于Util.h头文件中,用于跨平台表示socket的ID(在Linux下表示的是其文件描述符),如下所示:

/**
 * A type wide enough to hold the output of "socket()" or "accept()".  On
 * Windows, this is an intptr_t; elsewhere, it is an int. */
#ifdef WIN32
#define evutil_socket_t intptr_t
#else
#define evutil_socket_t int
#endif
View Code

  2)evutil_make_listen_socket_reuseable 函数声明于Util.h,实现于Evutil.c,用于跨平台将socket设置为可重用(实际上是将端口设为可重用,具体可参照博文Linux 套接字编程中的 5 个隐患中的第3个隐患),具体定义如下:

int
evutil_make_listen_socket_reuseable(evutil_socket_t sock)
{
#ifndef WIN32
    int one = 1;
    /* REUSEADDR on Unix means, "don't hang on to this address after the
     * listener is closed."  On Windows, though, it means "don't keep other
     * processes from binding to this address while we're using it. */
    return setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (void*) &one,
        (ev_socklen_t)sizeof(one));
#else
    return 0;
#endif
}
View Code

  同样,evutil_make_socket_nonblocking函数也声明于Util.h,实现于Evutil.c,用于跨平台将socket设置为非阻塞,具体定义如下:

int
evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(evutil_socket_t fd)
{
#ifdef WIN32
    {
        u_long nonblocking = 1;
        if (ioctlsocket(fd, FIONBIO, &nonblocking) == SOCKET_ERROR) {
            event_sock_warn(fd, "fcntl(%d, F_GETFL)", (int)fd);
            return -1;
        }
    }
#else
    {
        int flags;
        if ((flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, NULL)) < 0) {
            event_warn("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL)", fd);
            return -1;
        }
        if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK) == -1) {
            event_warn("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL)", fd);
            return -1;
        }
    }
#endif
    return 0;
}
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   3)event_base结构体定义在event_internal.h中,它记录了所有的等待和已激活的事件,并当有事件被激活时通知调用者。默认地,我们用event_base_new函数就可以新建一个event_base对象。event_base_new函数的定义如下:

struct event_base *
event_base_new(void)
{
    struct event_base *base = NULL;
    struct event_config *cfg = event_config_new();
    if (cfg) {
        base = event_base_new_with_config(cfg);
        event_config_free(cfg);
    }
    return base;
}

  也就是说实际上该函数调用了event_base_new_with_config来创建event_base对象,所以我们也可以利用event_config_new和event_base_new_with_config定制event_base对象。

  4)event结构体定义在event_struct.h文件中,主要记录事件的相关属性。event_new函数用于创建一个event对象,具体定义如下:

struct event *
event_new(struct event_base *base, evutil_socket_t fd, short events, void (*cb)(evutil_socket_t, short, void *), void *arg)
{
    struct event *ev;
    ev = mm_malloc(sizeof(struct event));
    if (ev == NULL)
        return (NULL);
    if (event_assign(ev, base, fd, events, cb, arg) < 0) {
        mm_free(ev);
        return (NULL);
    }

    return (ev);
}
// Parameters:
    // base            the event base to which the event should be attached.
    // fd              the file descriptor or signal to be monitored, or -1.
    // events          desired events to monitor: bitfield of EV_READ, EV_WRITE, EV_SIGNAL, EV_PERSIST, EV_ET.
    // callback        callback function to be invoked when the event occurs
    // callback_arg    an argument to be passed to the callback function
// Returns:
    // a newly allocated struct event that must later be freed with event_free().
View Code

  在上边程序中,cb是回调函数,其原型如下:

/**
   A callback function for an event.

   It receives three arguments:

   @param fd An fd or signal
   @param events One or more EV_* flags
   @param arg A user-supplied argument.

   @see event_new()
 */
typedef void (*event_callback_fn)(evutil_socket_t, short, void *);

  5)event_base_dispatch函数开启事件轮询(event_base_loop提供同样功能,不过更为灵活,实际event_base_dispatch只是event_base_loop的特例),定义如下:

int
event_base_dispatch(struct event_base *event_base)
{
    return (event_base_loop(event_base, 0));
}

实际例子 

   一个完整的服务器端的程序如下:

  1 #include <stdio.h>
  2 #include <stdlib.h>
  3 #include <errno.h>
  4 #include <assert.h>
  5 #include <unistd.h>
  6 #include <netinet/in.h>
  7 #include <sys/socket.h>
  8 #include <arpa/inet.h>
  9 #include <sys/types.h>
 10 
 11 #include <event2/event.h>
 12 #include <event2/bufferevent.h>
 13 
 14 #define SERV_PORT 9877
 15 #define LISTEN_BACKLOG 32
 16 #define MAX_LINE 1024
 17 
 18 void do_accetp(evutil_socket_t listenfd, short event, void *arg);
 19 void read_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, void *arg);
 20 void error_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, short event, void *arg);
 21 void write_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, void *arg);
 22 
 23 int main(int argc, int **argv)
 24 {
 25     evutil_socket_t listenfd;
 26     if((listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
 27     {
 28         perror("socket\n");
 29         return 1;
 30     }
 31 
 32     struct sockaddr_in servaddr;
 33     bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
 34     servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
 35     servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
 36     servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);
 37 
 38     if(bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr)) < 0)
 39     {
 40         perror("bind\n");
 41         return 1;
 42     }
 43     if(listen(listenfd, LISTEN_BACKLOG) < 0)
 44     {
 45         perror("listen\n");
 46         return 1;
 47     }
 48 
 49     printf("Listening...\n");
 50 
 51     evutil_make_listen_socket_reuseable(listenfd);
 52     evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(listenfd);
 53 
 54     struct event_base *base = event_base_new();
 55     if(base == NULL)
 56     {
 57         perror("event_base\n");
 58         return 1;
 59     }
 60     const char *eventMechanism = event_base_get_method(base);
 61     printf("Event mechanism used is %s\n", eventMechanism);
 62 
 63     struct event *listen_event;
 64     listen_event = event_new(base, listenfd, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, do_accetp, (void *)base);
 65     event_add(listen_event, NULL);
 66     event_base_dispatch(base);
 67 
 68     if(close(listenfd) < 0)
 69     {
 70         perror("close\n");
 71         return 1;
 72     }
 73     printf("The End\n");
 74     return 0;
 75 }
 76 
 77 void do_accetp(evutil_socket_t listenfd, short event, void *arg)
 78 {
 79     struct event_base *base = (struct event_base *)arg;
 80     evutil_socket_t fd;
 81     struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
 82     socklen_t clilen;
 83     fd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *) &cliaddr, &clilen);
 84     if(fd < 0)
 85     {
 86         perror("accept\n");
 87         return;
 88     }
 89     if(fd > FD_SETSIZE)
 90     {
 91         perror("fd > FD_SETSIZE");
 92         if(close(fd) < 0)
 93         {
 94             perror("close\n");
 95             return;
 96         }
 97         return;
 98     }
 99     
100     printf("Accept: fd = %u\n", fd);
101     
102     struct bufferevent *bev = bufferevent_socket_new(base, fd, BEV_OPT_CLOSE_ON_FREE);
103     bufferevent_setcb(bev, read_cb, NULL, error_cb, arg);
104     bufferevent_enable(bev, EV_READ | EV_WRITE | EV_PERSIST);
105 }
106     
107 void read_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, void *arg)
108 {
109     char line[MAX_LINE + 1];
110     int n;
111     evutil_socket_t fd = bufferevent_getfd(bev);
112 
113     while((n = bufferevent_read(bev, line, MAX_LINE)) > 0)
114     {
115         line[n] = '\0';
116         printf("fd = %u, read line: %s", fd, line);
117         bufferevent_write(bev, line, n);
118     }
119 }
120 
121 void error_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, short event, void *arg)
122 {
123     evutil_socket_t fd = bufferevent_getfd(bev);
124     printf("fd = %u, ", fd);
125     if(event & BEV_EVENT_TIMEOUT)
126         printf("Time out.\n");  // if bufferevent_set_timeouts() is called
127     else if(event & BEV_EVENT_EOF)
128         printf("Connection closed.\n");
129     else if(event & BEV_EVENT_ERROR)
130         printf("Some other error.\n");
131     bufferevent_free(bev);
132 }
133 
134 void write_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, void *arg)
135 {
136     // leave blank
137 }
View Code

  注意:在Linux下编译时需要加libevent静态库event,即gcc ... -levent。

  上边程序中用到的bufferevent值得再说明一下。bufferevent由一个底层的传输端口(如套接字)、一个读取缓冲区和一个写入缓冲区组成。与通常的事件在底层传输端口已经就绪,可以读取或者写入的时候执行回调不同的是,bufferevent在读取或者写入了足够量的数据之后调用用户提供的回调。详细可参考博文libevent参考手册第六章:bufferevent:概念和入门

  利用bufferevent的简易流程如下:

1 struct bufferevent *bev = bufferevent_socket_new(base, fd, BEV_OPT_CLOSE_ON_FREE);
2 bufferevent_setcb(bev, read_cb, NULL, error_cb, arg);
3 bufferevent_enable(bev, EV_READ | EV_WRITE | EV_PERSIST);

   bufferevent_setcb使得我们可以定制我们自己的回调函数,这里我们只用到了读和错误回调函数。最后,我们要调用bufferevent_enable来使得bufferevent启动。

客户端示例

  客户端用到的libevent的API跟服务端的基本一样。具体程序如下:

  1 #include <stdio.h>
  2 #include <stdlib.h>
  3 #include <errno.h>
  4 #include <unistd.h>
  5 #include <string.h>
  6 #include <netinet/in.h>
  7 #include <sys/socket.h>
  8 #include <arpa/inet.h>
  9 #include <sys/types.h>
 10 
 11 #include <event2/event.h>
 12 #include <event2/bufferevent.h>
 13 
 14 #define SERV_PORT 9877
 15 #define MAX_LINE 1024
 16 
 17 void cmd_msg_cb(int fd, short event, void *arg);
 18 void read_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, void *arg);
 19 void error_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, short event, void *arg);
 20 
 21 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 22 {
 23     if(argc < 2)
 24     {
 25         perror("usage: echocli <IPadress>");
 26         return 1;
 27     }
 28 
 29     evutil_socket_t sockfd;
 30     if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
 31     {
 32         perror("socket\n");
 33         return 1;
 34     }
 35 
 36     struct sockaddr_in servaddr;
 37     bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
 38     servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
 39     servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);
 40     if(inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &servaddr.sin_addr) < 1)
 41     {
 42         perror("inet_ntop\n");
 43         return 1;
 44     }
 45     if(connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *) &servaddr, sizeof(servaddr)) < 0)
 46     {
 47         perror("connect\n");
 48         return 1;
 49     }
 50     evutil_make_socket_nonblocking(sockfd);
 51 
 52     printf("Connect to server sucessfully!\n");
 53 
 54     struct event_base *base = event_base_new();
 55     if(base == NULL)
 56     {
 57         perror("event_base\n");
 58         return 1;
 59     }
 60     const char *eventMechanism = event_base_get_method(base);
 61     printf("Event mechanism used is %s\n", eventMechanism);
 62     printf("sockfd = %d\n", sockfd);
 63 
 64     struct bufferevent *bev = bufferevent_socket_new(base, sockfd, BEV_OPT_CLOSE_ON_FREE);
 65     
 66     struct event *ev_cmd;
 67     ev_cmd = event_new(base, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST, cmd_msg_cb, (void *)bev);
 68     event_add(ev_cmd, NULL);
 69     
 70     bufferevent_setcb(bev, read_cb, NULL, error_cb, (void *)ev_cmd);
 71     bufferevent_enable(bev, EV_READ | EV_PERSIST);
 72     
 73     event_base_dispatch(base);
 74 
 75     printf("The End.");
 76     return 0;
 77 }
 78 
 79 void cmd_msg_cb(int fd, short event, void *arg)
 80 {
 81     char msg[MAX_LINE];
 82     int nread = read(fd, msg, sizeof(msg));
 83     if(nread < 0)
 84     {
 85         perror("stdio read fail\n");
 86         return;
 87     }
 88 
 89     struct bufferevent *bev = (struct bufferevent *)arg;
 90     bufferevent_write(bev, msg, nread);
 91 }
 92 
 93 void read_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, void *arg)
 94 {
 95     char line[MAX_LINE + 1];
 96     int n;
 97     evutil_socket_t fd = bufferevent_getfd(bev);
 98 
 99     while((n = bufferevent_read(bev, line, MAX_LINE)) > 0)
100     {
101         line[n] = '\0';
102         printf("fd = %u, read from server: %s", fd, line);
103     }
104 }
105 
106 void error_cb(struct bufferevent *bev, short event, void *arg)
107 {
108     evutil_socket_t fd = bufferevent_getfd(bev);
109     printf("fd = %u, ", fd);
110     if(event & BEV_EVENT_TIMEOUT)
111         printf("Time out.\n");  // if bufferevent_set_timeouts() is called
112     else if(event & BEV_EVENT_EOF)
113         printf("Connection closed.\n");
114     else if(event & BEV_EVENT_ERROR)
115         printf("Some other error.\n");
116     bufferevent_free(bev);
117 
118     struct event *ev = (struct event *)arg;
119     event_free(ev);
120 }
View Code

参考资料

  libevent入门

  A tiny introduction to asynchronous IO

  使用 libevent 和 libev 提高网络应用性能

    libevent参考手册第六章:bufferevent:概念和入门

 

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