Rspec: expect vs expect with block - what's the difference?

Question

Just learning rspec syntax and I noticed that this code works:

  context "given a bad list of players" do
    let(:bad_players) { {} }

    it "fails to create given a bad player list" do
       expect{ Team.new("Random", bad_players) }.to raise_error
     end 
  end

But this code doesn't:

  context "given a bad list of players" do
    let(:bad_players) { {} }

    it "fails to create given a bad player list" do
       expect( Team.new("Random", bad_players) ).to raise_error
     end 
  end

It gives me this error:

Team given a bad list of players fails to create given a bad player list
     Failure/Error: expect( Team.new("Random", bad_players) ).to raise_error
     Exception:
       Exception
     # ./lib/team.rb:6:in `initialize'
     # ./spec/team_spec.rb:23:in `new'
     # ./spec/team_spec.rb:23:in `block (3 levels) in <top (required)>'

My question is:

1. Why does this happen?
2. What is the difference between the former and later example exactly in ruby?

I am also looking for rules on when to use one over the other

One more example of the same but inverse results, where this code works:

  it "has a list of players" do
    expect(Team.new("Random").players).to be_kind_of Array
  end 

But this code fails

  it "has a list of players" do
    expect{ Team.new("Random").players }.to be_kind_of Array
  end

Error I get in this case is:

Failure/Error: expect{ Team.new("Random").players }.to be_kind_of Array
       expected #<Proc:0x007fbbbab29580@/Users/amiterandole/Documents/current/ruby_sandbox/tdd-ruby/spec/team_spec.rb:9> to be a kind of Array
     # ./spec/team_spec.rb:9:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'

The class I am testing looks like this:

class Team
  attr_reader :name, :players

  def initialize(name, players = [])
    raise Exception unless players.is_a? Array

    @name = name
    @players = players
  end
end

Answer 1

As has been mentioned:

expect(4).to eq(4)

This is specifically testing the value that you've sent in as the parameter to the method. When you're trying to test for raised errors when you do the same thing:

expect(raise "fail!").to raise_error

Your argument is evaluated immediately and that exception will be thrown and your test will blow up right there.

However, when you use a block (and this is basic ruby), the block contents isn't executed immediately - it's execution is determined by the method you're calling (in this case, the expect method handles when to execute your block):

expect{raise "fail!"}.to raise_error

We can look at an example method that might handle this behavior:

def expect(val=nil)
  if block_given?
    begin
      yield
    rescue
      puts "Your block raised an error!"
    end
  else
    puts "The value under test is #{val}"
  end
end

You can see here that it's the expect method that is manually rescuing your error so that it can test whether or not errors are raised, etc. yield is a ruby method's way of executing whatever block was passed to the method.

Answer 2

In the first case, when you pass a block to expect, the execution of the block doesn't occur until it's time to evaluate the result, at which point the RSpec code can catch any error that are raised and check it against the expectation.

In the second case, the error is raised when the argument to expect is evaluated, so the expect code has no chance to get involved.

As for rules, you pass a block or a Proc if you're trying to test behavior (e.g. raising errors, changing some value). Otherwise, you pass a "conventional" argument, in which case the value of that argument is what is tested.