问题
I am trying to write a small compiler for a language that handles lambda calculus. Here is the ambiguous definition of the language that I've found:
E → ^ v . E | E E | ( E ) | v
The symbols ^, ., (, ) and v are tokens. ^ represents lambda and v represents a variable. An expression of the form ^v.E is a function definition where v is the formal parameter of the function and E is its body. If f and g are lambda expressions, then the lambda expression fg represents the application of the function f to the argument g.
I'm trying to write an unambiguous grammar for this language, under the assumption that function application is left associative, e.g., fgh = (fg)h, and that function application binds tighter than ., e.g., (^x. ^y. xy) ^z.z = (^x. (^y. xy)) ^z.z
Here is what I have so far, but I'm not sure if it's correct:
E -> ^v.E | T
T -> vF | (E) E
F -> v | epsilon
Could someone help out?
回答1:
Between reading your question and comments, you seem to be looking more for help with learning and implementing lambda calculus than just the specific question you asked here. If so then I am on the same path so I will share some useful info.
The best book I have, which is not to say the best book possible, is Types and Programming Languages (WorldCat) by Benjamin C. Pierce. I know the title doesn't sound anything like lambda calculus but take a look at λ-Calculus extensions: meaning of extension symbols which list many of the lambda calculi that come from the book. There is code for the book in OCaml and F#.
Try searching in CiteSeerX for research papers on lambda calculus to learn more.
The best λ-Calculus evaluator I have found so far is:
Lambda calculus reduction workbench with info here.
Also, I find that you get much better answers for lambda calculus questions related to programming at CS:StackExchange and math related questions at Math:StackExcahnge.
As for programming languages to implement lambda calculus you will probably need to learn a functional language if you haven't; Yes it's a different beast, but the enlightenment on the other side of the mountain is spectacular. Most of the source code I find uses a functional language such as ML or OCaml, and once you learn one, the rest get easier to learn.
To be more specific, here is the source code for the untyped lambda calculus project, here is the input file to an F# variation of YACC which from reading your previous questions seems to be in your world of knowledge, and here is sample input.
Since the grammar is for implementing a REPL, it starts with toplevel, think command prompt, and accepts multiple commands, which in this case are lambda calculus expressions. Since this grammar is used for many calculi it has parts that are place holders in the earlier examples, thus binding here is more of a place holder.
Finally we get to the part you are after
Note LCID is Lower Case Identifier
Term : AppTerm
| LAMBDA LCID DOT Term
| LAMBDA USCORE DOT Term
AppTerm : ATerm
| AppTerm ATerm
/* Atomic terms are ones that never require extra parentheses */
ATerm : LPAREN Term RPAREN
| LCID
回答2:
You may find the proof for a particular grammar's ambiguity in sublinear time, but proving that grammar is unambiguous is an NP complete problem. You'd have to generate every possible sentence in the language, and check that there is only one derivation for each.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15170356/is-my-lambda-calculus-grammar-unambiguous