I am just learning Python and I come from a C background so please let me know if I have any confusion / mix up between both.
Assume I have the following class:
class Node(object):
def __init__(self, element):
self.element = element
self.left = self.right = None
@classmethod
def tree(cls, element, left, right):
node = cls(element)
node.left = left
node.right = right
return node
This is a class named Node, that overloads the constructor, to be able to handle different arguments if needed.
What is the difference between defining self.element in __init__ only (as shown above) as opposed to doing the following:
class Node(object):
element, left, right = None
def __init__(self, element):
self.element = element
self.left = self.right = None
Isn't self.element in __init__ the same as the class's element variable defined? Wouldn't that just overwrite element from None to the element value passed into __init__?
One is a class attribute, while the other is an instance attribute. They are different, but they are closely related to one another in ways that make them look the same at times.
It has to do with the way python looks up attributes. There's a hierarchy. In simple cases it might look like this:
instance -> Subclass -> Superclass -> object (built-in type)
When you look for an attribute on instance like this...
`instance.val`
...what actually happens is that first, Python looks for val in the instance itself. Then, if it doesn't find val, it looks in its class, Subclass. Then, if it doesn't find val there, it looks in the parent of Subclass, Superclass. This means that when you do this...
>>> class Foo():
foovar = 10
def __init__(self, val):
self.selfvar = val
...all instances of Foo share foovar, but have their own distinct selfvars. Here's a simple, concrete example of how that works:
>>> f = Foo(5)
>>> f.foovar
10
>>> Foo.foovar
10
If we don't touch foovar, it's the same for both f and Foo. But if we change f.foovar...
>>> f.foovar = 5
>>> f.foovar
5
>>> Foo.foovar
10
...we add an instance attribute that effectively masks the value of Foo.foovar. Now if we change Foo.foovar directly, it doesn't affect our foo instance:
>>> Foo.foovar = 7
>>> f.foovar
5
But it does affect a new foo instance:
>>> Foo(5).foovar
7
Also keep in mind that mutable objects add another layer of indirection (as mgilson reminded me). Here, f.foovar refers to the same object as Foo.foovar, so when you alter the object, the changes are propagated up the hierarchy:
>>> Foo.foovar = [1]
>>> f = Foo(5)
>>> f.foovar[0] = 99
>>> Foo.foovar
[99]
In python it is possible to have class variables and instance variables of the same name. They are located separately in memory, and are accessed quite differently.
In your code:
class Node(object):
element, left, right = None
def __init__(self, element):
self.element = element
self.left = self.right = None
The first set of variables (outside the __init__ function) are called class variables. These can be subsequently accessed using Node.element, etc. These are equivalent to static member variables in C++, and they are shared by all instances of the class.
The second set of variables (inside the __init__ function) are called instance variables. These are accessed via the self object, e.g. self.element, or by the instance name e.g. myNode.element outside of the class.
It is important to note that you have to use either the self.variable or Node.variable form to access either of these from within a member function. Just accessing variable will try to access a local variable called variable.
self.element inside the constructor is an instance variable (if a node object modifies its value it only changes for this object) where the one in the second version is a class variable (so if one node object modifies its value it will change for all node objects).
The analogy in C++ would be non-static versus static member variables in your class.
self.element in the init is an instance variable, you can get/set it in any other member function by typing self.element. element declared in the class is the class variable, you can get/set it by typing Node.element.
The important part is the self argument to __init__. In fact, in any instance method, this will be the first argument. This is done by design; in Python, the only time you actually have access to the instance is during method calls, and it is shown explicitly with the self argument.
When you're inside of a class definition, you don't have any instances yet, so what you're really modifying is the class itself. Thus, if you define attributes at class-level, then they really become class attributes, and not instance.
Comparing it to a C(++), you could probably say that "classes" in those languages are basically blueprints for the objects that they represent. "These objects shall have foo and bar attributes, and, in addition, the following methods." In Python, however, classes are objects themselves, and their main strength is that they can create copies (instances) of themselves, which also happen to use the class's methods. So, it's more like "Thou shall have foo and bar as class attributes, and, in addition, the following method which thou shall use to create instances."
So, instead of a blueprint, it's more of a step-by-step how-to.
when you try to access the variable with a class it look into only
cls.__dict__
but when you try to access the variable with instance it looks first
self.__dict__
if find then return or if can't find then it also looks in
cls.__dict__
here cls is the class
class Test:
temp_1=10
temp_2=20
def __init__(self):
self.test_1=10
self.test_2=20
@classmethod
def c_test(cls):
pass
def t_method(self):
pass
print Test.__dict__
print Test().__dict__
Output:
{'c_test': <classmethod object at 0x7fede8f35a60>, '__module__': '__main__', 't_method': <function t_method at 0x7fede8f336e0>, 'temp_1': 10, '__doc__': None, '__init__': <function __init__ at 0x7fede8f335f0>, 'temp_2': 20}
{'test_2': 20, 'test_1': 10}
For detail class special attribute
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12409714/python-class-members