问题
I started building a python tkinter gui, the problem is, after adding many features to the gui, the loading started looking really ugly. When starting the mainloop, a blank window shows up for a few miniseconds before the widgets are loaded, the same happens with the other Toplevel windows ( except the ones with few static elements that don't need updates ).
My question is
Is there a way to 'preload' the window so that when I would call it, it would start smoothly?
For example
root = MyTkRoot()
root.build_stuff_before_calling()
root.mainloop() # Smooth without widget loading lag
Part of my code
from root_gui import Root
import threading
from time import sleep
from data_handler import DataHandler
def handle_conn():
DataHandler.try_connect()
smtp_client.refresh()
def conn_manager(): # Working pretty well
while 'smtp_client' in locals():
sleep(3)
handle_conn()
smtp_client = Root()
handle_conn()
MyConnManager = threading.Thread(target=conn_manager)
MyConnManager.start() # Thanks to the second thread, the tk window doesn't have to wait for 3 seconds before loading the widgets.
smtp_client.mainloop()
The full project on git
Too much code to put in here...
https://github.com/cernyd/smtp_client
回答1:
On your operating system tkinter seems to show the base Tk window before loading it's widgets causing that few milliseconds of blank window. To make it appear with all the widgets already loaded you will need to hide the window when starting and .after it has loaded show it again.
There are a number of ways to show and hide a window, personally I'd use .withdraw() to remove the window from the window manager (like it was never there) then .deiconify() (basically "unminimize") to show the window again.
class TEST(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
tk.Tk.__init__(self,*args,**kw)
self.withdraw() #hide the window
self.after(0,self.deiconify) #as soon as possible (after app starts) show again
#setup app...
An alternative to withdrawing the window completely is to start it minimized with .iconify() so it will appear on the taskbar/dock but won't open the window until it is completely loaded.
Another way to hide/show the window is by changing the -alpha property as @double_j has done but I would not recommend that in production code because the window is technically still there, it (and the close button etc.) can be clicked on /interacted with for a brief moment before showing which could be undesired, as well it's behaviour can be ambiguous amongst operating systems, from http://wiki.tcl.tk/9457:
Macintosh Attributes
-alpha double controls opacity (from 0.0 to 1.0)
...Unix/X11 Attributes
-alpha double controls opacity (from 0.0 to 1.0).
This requires a compositing window manager to have any effect. [compiz] is one such, and xfwm4 (for the XFCE desktop) is another.
...Windows Attributes
-alpha double how opaque the overall window is; note that changing between 1.0 and any other value may cause the window to flash (Tk changes the class of window used to implement the toplevel).
So on some unix machines -alpha may have no effect and on windows it may cause the window to flash (probably not an issue before it is even opened but still worth noting)
Where as withdraw and deiconify works identically amongst all platforms as far as I am aware.
回答2:
The short answer is yes. You can set the window to appear as though you can't see it. Perform any code that takes time, and then display the window.
Here's how:
class MyTkRoot(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self):
tk.Tk.__init__(self)
self.attributes('-alpha', 0.0) # make window transparent
# build gui...
self.after(0, self.attributes, "-alpha", 1.0) # back to normal
root = MyTkRoot()
root.mainloop()
Here's a reference to the code with the example of a Toplevel. It will also work with the root however.
回答3:
After looking at your the project in your repository, I revised the code and dumped it all into one file. The following is the results from refactoring your modules and files into a fully self-contained program. The one thing that it is missing is the Resource class that handles all of the external dependencies.
You can see the complete program on PasteBin.com.
#! /usr/bin/env python3
import base64
import contextlib
import email.mime.text
import enum
import functools
import pathlib
import pickle
import pickletools
import re
import smtplib
import socket
import sys
import threading
import tkinter.messagebox
import traceback
import zlib
# Dump all of tkinter's constants into the local namespace.
from tkinter.constants import *
# Import custom modules in a way that an IDE will recognize them.
with Resource.load('affinity.py'), \
Resource.load('threadbox.py'), \
Resource.load('safetkinter.py'):
try:
from .safetkinter import *
except SystemError:
from safetkinter import *
try:
from . import threadbox
except SystemError:
import threadbox
# Patch the messagebox module to use a thread-safe version of Message.
tkinter.messagebox.Message = Message
# Create an enumeration to represents various program states.
Status = enum.Enum('Status', 'mail_label login_button connection_error')
def event_handler(method):
"""Allow command/event handlers to be marked and written more easily."""
@functools.wraps(method)
def wrapper(self, event=None):
nonlocal none_counter
none_counter += event is None
method(self)
# print('Commands handled:', none_counter)
none_counter = 0
return wrapper
class SMTPClient(Frame):
"""Widget for sending emails through a GUI program in Python."""
TITLE = 'SMTP Mail Sender'
AT_ICON = 'at.ico'
HELP_ICON = 'help.ico'
HELP_TEXT = 'get_help.txt'
IS_TARGET = r'\A(\w|\.)+@\w+\.\w+\Z'
IS_SUBJECT = r'\S+'
IS_MESSAGE = r'\S+'
@classmethod
def main(cls):
"""Create an application containing a single SMTPClient widget."""
root = cls.create_application_root()
cls.create_windows_bindings(root)
cls.attach_window_icon(root)
cls.setup_class_instance(root)
root.mainloop()
@classmethod
def create_application_root(cls):
"""Create and configure the main application window."""
root = Tk()
root.title(cls.TITLE)
# root.resizable(False, False)
root.minsize(275, 200)
root.option_add('*tearOff', FALSE)
return root
@classmethod
def create_windows_bindings(cls, root):
"""Change some global bindings to work like Microsoft products."""
root.bind_all('<Control-Key-a>', cls.handle_control_a)
root.bind_all('<Control-Key-A>', cls.handle_control_a)
root.bind_class('Text', '<Control-Key-/>', lambda event: 'break')
@staticmethod
def handle_control_a(event):
"""Treat Control-A as would be expected on a Windows system."""
widget = event.widget
if isinstance(widget, Entry):
widget.selection_range(0, END)
return 'break'
if isinstance(widget, Text):
widget.tag_add(SEL, 1.0, END + '-1c')
return 'break'
@classmethod
def attach_window_icon(cls, root):
"""Generate and use the icon in the window's corner."""
with Resource.load(cls.AT_ICON) as handle:
root.iconbitmap(handle)
@classmethod
def setup_class_instance(cls, root):
"""Build a SMTPClient instance that expects to be have size changes."""
widget = cls(root)
widget.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky=NSEW)
root.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
"""Initialize the SMTPClient instance and configure for operation."""
super().__init__(master, **kw)
self.__tk = self.capture_root()
self.create_bindings()
self.__to_entry = self.__subject_entry = self.__message_text = \
self.__quit_button = self.__send_button = self.__from_label = \
self.__to_label = self.__subject_label = self.__login_button = \
self.__grip = None
self.create_widgets()
self.configure_grid()
self.__data_handler = DataHandler()
self.__connector = self.after_idle(self.try_connect)
def destroy(self):
"""Cancel the connection system before closing."""
self.after_cancel(self.__connector)
super().destroy()
def capture_root(self):
"""Capture the rook (Tk instance) of this application."""
widget = self.master
while not isinstance(widget, Tk):
widget = widget.master
return widget
def create_bindings(self):
"""Bind the frame to any events that it will need to handle."""
self.__tk.bind('<Control-Key-h>', self.handle_help)
self.__tk.bind('<Control-Key-H>', self.handle_help)
self.__tk.bind('<Control-Key-l>', self.handle_login)
self.__tk.bind('<Control-Key-L>', self.handle_login)
self.__tk.bind('<Key>', self.handle_update)
self.__tk.bind('<Return>', self.handle_send)
def create_widgets(self):
"""Create all the widgets that will be placed in this frame."""
self.__to_entry = Entry(self)
self.__subject_entry = Entry(self)
self.__message_text = Text(self)
self.__quit_button = Button(
self,
text='Quit',
command=self.__tk.destroy
)
self.__send_button = Button(
self,
text='Send',
command=self.do_send,
state=DISABLED
)
self.__from_label = Label(self, text='From:')
self.__to_label = Label(self, text='To:')
self.__subject_label = Label(self, text='Subject:')
self.__login_button = Button(
self,
text='Login Before Sending',
command=self.do_login
)
self.__grip = Sizegrip(self)
def configure_grid(self):
"""Place all widgets on the grid in their respective locations."""
pad = dict(padx=5, pady=5)
self.__from_label.grid(row=0, column=0, **pad)
self.__login_button.grid(
row=0,
column=1,
columnspan=4,
sticky=EW,
**pad
)
self.__to_label.grid(row=1, column=0, **pad)
self.__to_entry.grid(row=1, column=1, columnspan=4, sticky=EW, **pad)
self.__subject_label.grid(row=2, column=0, **pad)
self.__subject_entry.grid(
row=2,
column=1,
columnspan=4,
sticky=EW,
**pad
)
self.__message_text.grid(
row=3,
column=0,
columnspan=5,
sticky=NSEW,
**pad
)
self.__quit_button.grid(row=4, column=2, **pad)
self.__send_button.grid(row=4, column=3, **pad)
self.__grip.grid(row=4, column=4, sticky=SE, **pad)
self.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
self.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
@event_handler
def handle_help(self):
"""Open the help window and show a message for the user."""
with Resource.load(self.HELP_TEXT) as text, \
Resource.load(self.HELP_ICON) as icon:
TextViewer.load(self.__tk, text, icon)
@event_handler
def handle_login(self):
"""Decide if the user should be able to login to the server."""
if self.current_status == Status.login_button:
self.do_login()
@event_handler
def handle_update(self):
"""Decide if it should be possible to send an e-mail or not."""
to = self.__to_entry.get()
subject = self.__subject_entry.get()
message = self.__message_text.get(0.0, END)
self.__send_button['state'] = ACTIVE if self.is_target(to) \
and self.is_subject(subject) \
and self.is_message(message) \
and self.__data_handler.is_connected else DISABLED
@classmethod
def is_target(cls, text):
"""Determine if this is an acceptable e-mail address."""
return bool(re.search(cls.IS_TARGET, text))
@classmethod
def is_subject(cls, text):
"""Determine if this is an acceptable subject line."""
return bool(re.search(cls.IS_SUBJECT, text))
@classmethod
def is_message(cls, text):
"""Determine if this is an acceptable message to send."""
return bool(re.search(cls.IS_MESSAGE, text))
@event_handler
def handle_send(self):
"""Send only if the application is ready to do so."""
if self.__send_button['state'] == ACTIVE:
self.do_send()
def do_send(self):
"""Start a thread to send an e-mail in an asynchronous method."""
threading.Thread(target=self.send_thread).start()
@threadbox.MetaBox.thread
def send_thread(self):
"""Try to send an e-mail and display the results of the attempt."""
destination = self.__to_entry.get()
try:
self.__data_handler.send(
destination,
self.__subject_entry.get(),
self.__message_text.get(0.0, END)
)
except:
tkinter.messagebox.showerror(
'Error',
'An exception has occurred.\n'
'Continue for more details.',
master=self
)
TextViewer(self.__tk, 'Traceback', traceback.format_exc())
else:
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(
'Success',
'The message was sent successfully to {}.'.format(destination),
master=self
)
@property
def current_status(self):
"""Find out what status the program currently is in."""
return (Status.connection_error
if not self.__data_handler.is_connected else
Status.login_button
if not self.__data_handler.is_logged_in else
Status.mail_label)
def do_login(self):
"""Open the login window and also the user to supply credentials."""
with Resource.load('login.ico') as icon:
LoginWindow(self.__tk, icon, self.__data_handler)
self.__login_button['text'] = self.__data_handler.username or ''
self.refresh()
def try_connect(self):
"""Repeatedly try to connect to the server every 0.6 seconds."""
if not self.__data_handler.is_connected:
self.__data_handler.try_connect(self.refresh)
self.__connector = self.after(600, self.try_connect)
def refresh(self, is_connected=False):
"""Let the user know if there is a connection to the server."""
if is_connected:
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(
'Server',
'Your connection is live!',
master=self
)
class TextViewer(Toplevel):
"""Widget designed to show text in a window."""
BACKGROUND = '#FFFFFF'
FOREGROUND = '#000000'
WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
X_OFFSET = 10
Y_OFFSET = 10
@classmethod
def load(cls, parent, text_handle, icon_handle):
"""Open a TextViewer with information loaded from a file."""
with text_handle.open('rt') as file:
title, *text = map(str.strip, file)
cls(parent, title, '\n'.join(text), icon_handle)
def __init__(self, parent, title, text, icon_handle=None):
"""Initializes the window for the reader to see its contents."""
super().__init__(parent, borderwidth=5)
if icon_handle is not None:
self.iconbitmap(icon_handle)
self.geometry('={}x{}+{}+{}'.format(
self.WIDTH,
self.HEIGHT,
parent.winfo_rootx() + self.X_OFFSET,
parent.winfo_rooty() + self.Y_OFFSET
))
self.__frame_text = self.__frame_buttons = self.__okay_button = \
self.__scrollbar_view = self.__text_view = None
self.create_widgets()
self.configure_widgets()
self.title(title)
self.transient(parent)
self.grab_set()
self.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.okay)
self.__text_view.focus_set()
self.create_bindings()
self.__text_view.insert(0.0, text)
self.__text_view['state'] = DISABLED
self.wait_window()
def create_widgets(self):
"""Populates the window with the widgets that will be needed."""
self.__frame_text = Frame(self, relief=SUNKEN, height=700)
self.__frame_buttons = Frame(self)
self.__okay_button = Button(
self.__frame_buttons,
text='Close',
command=self.okay,
takefocus=FALSE
)
self.__scrollbar_view = Scrollbar(
self.__frame_text,
orient=VERTICAL,
takefocus=FALSE
)
self.__text_view = Text(
self.__frame_text,
wrap=WORD,
fg=self.FOREGROUND,
bg=self.BACKGROUND,
highlightthickness=0
)
def configure_widgets(self):
"""Put them in their proper places throughout the layout."""
self.__scrollbar_view['command'] = self.__text_view.yview
self.__text_view['yscrollcommand'] = self.__scrollbar_view.set
self.__okay_button.pack()
self.__scrollbar_view.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=Y)
self.__text_view.pack(side=LEFT, expand=TRUE, fill=BOTH)
self.__frame_buttons.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X)
self.__frame_text.pack(side=TOP, expand=TRUE, fill=BOTH)
@event_handler
def okay(self):
"""Close the window."""
self.destroy()
def create_bindings(self):
"""Allow the window to respond to certain events."""
self.bind('<Return>', self.okay)
self.bind('<Escape>', self.okay)
class DataHandler:
"""Handler for communications with a SMTP server."""
HOST = 'smtp.gmail.com'
PORT = 587
__slots__ = (
'__is_logged_in',
'__is_connected',
'__server',
'__username',
'__password'
)
def __init__(self):
"""Initializes the DataHandler instance's various flags."""
self.__is_logged_in = False
self.__is_connected = self.__server = self.__username = \
self.__password = None
self.__cancel_connection()
@property
def is_logged_in(self):
"""Checks whether or not the instance believes it is logged in."""
return self.__is_logged_in
@property
def is_connected(self):
"""Checks whether or not the instance believes it is connected."""
return self.__is_connected
@staticmethod
def __check_string(value, name):
"""Verify that the string has a value type and value."""
if not isinstance(value, str):
raise TypeError('{} must be of type str'.format(name))
if not value:
raise ValueError('{} must not be an empty string'.format(name))
def __get_username(self):
"""Retrieves the value of the username."""
return self.__username
def __set_username(self, text):
"""Validates the username and sets its value."""
self.__check_string(text, 'username')
self.__username = text
username = property(
__get_username,
__set_username,
None,
'Sets value of username.'
)
def __set_password(self, text):
"""Validates the password and sets its value."""
self.__check_string(text, 'password')
self.__password = text
password = property(fset=__set_password, doc='Sets value of password.')
def try_connect(self, callback=lambda status: None):
"""Attempt to connect to the pre-configured server address."""
threading.Thread(target=self.__connect, args=(callback,)).start()
def __connect(self, callback):
"""Connect to the server in an asynchronous fashion."""
try:
self.__server = smtplib.SMTP(self.HOST, self.PORT, None, 1)
except (smtplib.SMTPException, socket.gaierror, socket.timeout):
self.__cancel_connection()
else:
self.__is_connected = True
callback(self.__is_connected)
def send(self, destination, subject, message):
"""Try to send an e-mail with the provided information."""
if self.__server is None:
raise RuntimeError('cannot send without a valid connection')
packet = email.mime.text.MIMEText(message)
packet['From'] = self.__username
packet['To'] = destination
packet['Subject'] = subject
self.__server.starttls()
self.__server.login(self.__username, self.__password)
self.__server.send_message(packet)
self.__finish()
def __cancel_connection(self):
"""Reset the is_connected and server attributes to default values."""
self.__is_connected = False
self.__server = None
def validate_credentials(self):
"""Verify if the saved credentials are correct or not."""
if self.__server is None:
raise RuntimeError('cannot validate without a working connection')
try:
self.__server.starttls()
self.__server.login(self.__username, self.__password)
except smtplib.SMTPException:
self.__is_logged_in = False
else:
self.__is_logged_in = True
finally:
self.__finish()
return self.__is_logged_in
def __finish(self):
"""Finish the conversation taking place with the server."""
self.__server.close()
self.__cancel_connection()
class Dialog(Toplevel):
"""Generic widget that should be used as a base class."""
X_OFFSET = 50
Y_OFFSET = 50
def __init__(self, parent, title=None, icon_handle=None):
"""Initialize a Dialog window that takes focus away from the parent."""
super().__init__(parent)
self.withdraw()
if icon_handle is not None:
self.iconbitmap(icon_handle)
if parent.winfo_viewable():
self.transient(parent)
if title:
self.title(title)
self.parent = parent
self.result = None
body = Frame(self)
self.initial_focus = self.body(body)
body.grid(sticky=NSEW, padx=5, pady=5)
self.okay_button = self.cancel_button = None
self.button_box()
if not self.initial_focus:
self.initial_focus = self
self.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.cancel)
parent = self.parent
if parent is not None:
self.geometry('+{}+{}'.format(
parent.winfo_rootx() + self.X_OFFSET,
parent.winfo_rooty() + self.Y_OFFSET
))
self.deiconify()
self.initial_focus.focus_set()
try:
self.wait_visibility()
except tkinter.TclError:
pass
else:
self.grab_set()
self.wait_window(self)
def destroy(self):
"""Destruct the Dialog window."""
self.initial_focus = None
super().destroy()
def body(self, master):
"""Create the body of this Dialog window."""
pass
def button_box(self):
"""Create the standard buttons and Dialog bindings."""
box = Frame(self)
self.okay_button = Button(
box,
text='Okay',
width=10,
command=self.okay,
default=ACTIVE
)
self.okay_button.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=5, pady=5)
self.cancel_button = Button(
box,
text='Cancel',
width=10,
command=self.cancel
)
self.cancel_button.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)
self.bind('<Return>', self.okay)
self.bind('<Escape>', self.cancel)
box.grid()
@event_handler
def okay(self):
"""Validate and apply the changes made by this Dialog."""
if self.validate():
self.withdraw()
self.update_idletasks()
try:
self.apply()
finally:
self.cancel()
else:
self.initial_focus.focus_set()
@event_handler
def cancel(self):
"""Close the Dialog window and return to its parent."""
if self.parent is not None:
self.parent.focus_set()
self.destroy()
def validate(self):
"""Verify that the Dialog is in a valid state."""
return True
@staticmethod
def apply():
"""Make any changes the Dialog wishes to accomplish."""
pass
class LoginWindow(Dialog):
"""Widget to allow easy process for supplying credentials."""
TITLE = 'E-mail Login'
WIDTH = 45
MASK = '*'
def __init__(self, parent, icon_handle, data_handler):
"""Initialize the dialog with the necessary information."""
self.__data_handler = data_handler
super().__init__(parent, self.TITLE, icon_handle)
self.__username_label = self.__password_label = self.__username = \
self.__password = None
def body(self, master):
"""Create all the different widgets needed for the body."""
self.__username_label = Label(master, text='Gmail Address:')
self.__password_label = Label(master, text='Password:')
self.__username = Entry(master, width=self.WIDTH)
self.__password = Entry(master, width=self.WIDTH, show=self.MASK)
self.__username_label.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=E)
self.__username.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=EW)
self.__password_label.grid(row=1, column=0, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=E)
self.__password.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=EW)
self.bind('<Key>', self.refresh)
return self.__username
def button_box(self):
"""Create the button box and change okay button's options."""
super().button_box()
self.okay_button.configure(state=DISABLED, text='Login')
@event_handler
def refresh(self):
"""Perform a soft validation for the username and password."""
username = self.__username.get()
password = self.__password.get()
valid = re.search(r'\A(\w|\.)+@gmail\.com\Z', username) is not None \
and len(password) > 3
self.okay_button['state'] = ACTIVE if valid else DISABLED
def validate(self):
"""Attempt to validate username and password with the server."""
self.__data_handler.username = self.__username.get()
self.__data_handler.password = self.__password.get()
valid = self.__data_handler.validate_credentials()
if valid:
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(
'Login Success',
'The credentials were accepted.\n'
'You are now logged in!',
master=self
)
else:
self.__password.delete(0, END)
tkinter.messagebox.showerror(
'Login Error',
'This username/password combination was not accepted.\n'
'Please try again.',
master=self
)
return valid
if __name__ == '__main__':
SMTPClient.main()
回答4:
Here are two more ideas for preloading a window before displaying anything to the user. Specifically, do not execute the mainloop of the application until loading is complete. The main disadvantage is that the program might a take a while to appear. Both the main function and the main method finish setting up the frame before the root window is ever displayed. The code at the bottom of the example randomly picks an implementation to run, but both version accomplish the same thing for the user.
#! /usr/bin/env python3
import contextlib
import random
import time
import tkinter
def main():
root = tkinter.Tk()
frame = Application(root)
frame.setup_frame('Hello, world!', ' ' * 50)
frame.grid()
root.mainloop()
class Application(tkinter.Frame):
@classmethod
def main(cls):
with cls.setup_root('Tkinter Program') as root:
root.resizable(False, False)
frame = cls(root)
frame.setup_frame('Hello, world!', ' ' * 50)
frame.grid()
@staticmethod
@contextlib.contextmanager
def setup_root(title):
tkinter.NoDefaultRoot()
root = tkinter.Tk()
root.withdraw()
root.title(title)
yield root
root.after_idle(root.deiconify)
root.mainloop()
def setup_frame(self, *args):
self.after_idle(self.__setup, *args)
def __setup(self, *args):
time.sleep(5) # simulate taking a long time
self.label = tkinter.Label(self, text='{1}{0}{1}'.format(*args))
self.label.grid()
self.button = tkinter.Button(
self,
text='Raise a KeyboardInterrupt exception.',
command=lambda: self.throw(KeyboardInterrupt)
)
self.button.grid()
@staticmethod
def throw(kind):
raise kind()
if __name__ == '__main__':
random.choice((main, Application.main))()
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39211867/tkinter-preload-window