How to define sealed class in C++?

问题

How to stop the class to be inherited by other class.

回答1:

C++11 solution

In C++11, you can seal a class by using final keyword in the definition as:

class A final  //note final keyword is used after the class name
{
   //...
};

class B : public A  //error - because class A is marked final (sealed).
{                   //        so A cannot be derived from.
   //...
};

To know the other uses of final, see my answer here:

What is the purpose of the "final" keyword in C++11 for functions?

C++03 solution

Bjarne Stroustrup's code : Can I stop people deriving from my class?

class Usable;
class Usable_lock {
    friend class Usable;
private:
    Usable_lock() {}
    Usable_lock(const Usable_lock&) {}
};

class Usable : public virtual Usable_lock {
public:
    Usable();
    Usable(char*);
};
Usable a;

class DD : public Usable { };

DD dd;  // error: DD::DD() cannot access
        // Usable_lock::Usable_lock(): private  member

Generic_lock

So we can make use of template to make the Usable_lock generic enough to seal any class:

template<class T>
class  Generic_lock 
{
    friend T;
    Generic_lock() {}                     //private
    Generic_lock(const Generic_lock&) {}  //private
};

class Usable : public virtual Generic_lock<Usable>
{
public:
    Usable() {}
};

Usable a; //Okay
class DD : public Usable { };

DD dd; //Not okay!

回答2:

There are two ways, the simple cheap, and the correct one. The two answers by @Naveen and @Nawaz deal with the correct one, that requires manual creation of a sealer class for each class that you actually want to seal.

The not fool-proof way, which is used in the adobe libraries is using a templated class for that. The problem is that you cannot declare the template argument as a friend, and that means that you will have to switch from private to the less safe protected:

template <typename T>
class sealer {
protected: sealer() {}
};
class sealed : virtual sealer<sealed> {};

And you can automate it with a macro (I don't remember the exact flavor of the macro in Adobe's code):

#define seal( x ) virtual sealer<x>
class sealed : seal(sealed) 
{};

Now this will catch people that mistakenly try to inherit without knowing that they shouldn't:

class derived : sealed {};
int main() {
   derived d;  // sealer<T>::sealer() is protected within this context
}

But it will not inhibit people that really want to from deriving, as they can gain access to the constructor by deriving from the template themselves:

class derived : sealed, sealer<sealed> {};
int main() {
   derived d;
};

I am not sure whether this will change in C++0x, I think I recall some discussions on whether a class template would be allowed to befriend one of it's arguments, but in a cursory search through the draft I cannot really tell. If that was allowed then this would be a fine generic solution:

template <typename T>
class sealer {
   sealer() {}
   friend class T; // Incorrect in C++03
};

回答3:

C++11 adds the ability to prevent inheriting from classes or simply preventing overriding methods in derived classes. This is done with the special identifier final. For example:

class Base final { };

class Derived1 : Base { }; // ill-formed because the class Base has been marked final

class Base {
    virtual void f() final;
};

class Derived : Base {
    void f(); // ill-formed because the virtual function Base::f has been marked final

Note that final is not a language keyword. It is technically an identifier; it only gains special meaning when used in those specific contexts. In any other location, it can be a valid identifier.

回答4:

Based on Bjarne Stroustrup's http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq2.html#no-derivation FAQ with small modification without friend keyword usage:

// SEALED CLASS DEFINITIONS
class Usable_lock {
protected:
    Usable_lock() {}
    Usable_lock(const Usable_lock&) {}
};
#define sealed_class private virtual Usable_lock

// SEALED CLASS USAGE EXMAPLES
class UsableLast : sealed_class {
public:
    UsableLast(){}
    UsableLast(char*){}
};
class DD : public UsableLast {};

// TEST CODE
template <class T> T createInstance() {
    return T();
}
int main()
{
    createInstance<UsableLast>();
//  createInstance<DD>();
    return 0;
}

回答5:

The following code shows how to define a sealed class in C++/CLI.

class A sealed
{
    //here goes the class code
};

class B : public A
{
};

Now B : cannot inherit from A as it has been declared as 'sealed'. Also a detailed explanation about sealed keyword can be found here http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/0w2w91tf.aspx

Update: Added C++/CLI , also other answers have shown the latest C++11 way of achieving the same using final keyword.