Vagrant实战 | 易学教程

介绍

平时工作一直在Linux上做开发，Docker用的比较多，最近要用Vagrant搭建Linux开发环境，所以用了一下，整理一些资料。

Vagrant其实是一个可以方便设置使用虚拟机的工具，底层支持VirtualBox和VMWare，我的Windows机器上已经安装了VirtualBox，我就基于VirtualBox说说怎么使用吧。

安装

首先从下面地址下载vagrant安装包，直接安装可执行文件就可以了。
https://www.vagrantup.com

虚拟机管理

通常情况下，我们可以通过下面两个命令来创建并启动虚拟机，但是由于下载实在太慢，所以不建议这么玩。

vagrant init centos/7
vagrant up

我们可以先通过 https://app.vagrantup.com/boxes/search 地址，直接下载虚拟机的vbox文件，然后基于这个vbox文件来创建虚拟机。

比如，这里我使用下面地址来下载CentOS7的vbox文件

https://app.vagrantup.com/centos/boxes/7

文件名为：CentOS-7-x86_64-Vagrant-1905_01.VirtualBox.box

创建centos7目录，然后把CentOS-7-x86_64-Vagrant-1905_01.VirtualBox.box文件复制到目录下。

添加虚拟机

D:\vagrant\centos7> vagrant box add centos7 CentOS-7-x86_64-Vagrant-1905_01.VirtualBox.box
==> box: Box file was not detected as metadata. Adding it directly...
==> box: Adding box 'centos7' (v0) for provider:
    box: Unpacking necessary files from: file://D:/vagrant/centos7/CentOS-7-x86_64-Vagrant-1905_01.VirtualBox.box
    box:
==> box: Successfully added box 'centos7' (v0) for 'virtualbox'!

初始化

D:\vagrant\centos7> vagrant init centos7
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.

经过这一步后，会在当前目录下产生Vagrantfile文件，这个文件类似于Docker里的Dockerfile文件。

启动虚拟机

D:\vagrant\centos7> vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Importing base box 'centos7'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Setting the name of the VM: centos7_default_1576066403778_3997
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
    default:
    default: Vagrant insecure key detected. Vagrant will automatically replace
    default: this with a newly generated keypair for better security.
    default:
    default: Inserting generated public key within guest...
    default: Removing insecure key from the guest if it's present...
    default: Key inserted! Disconnecting and reconnecting using new SSH key...
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest
    default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only
    default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install
    default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue.
    default:
    default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly,
    default: in which case you may ignore this message.
==> default: Rsyncing folder: /cygdrive/d/vagrant/centos7/ => /vagrant

查看虚拟机

D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant box list
centos7 (virtualbox, 0)

访问虚拟机

虚拟机启动后，可以通过两种方式登录到虚拟机里

第一种方式是通过vagrant ssh命令方式

D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant ssh
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)

第二种方式是通过ssh 127.0.0.1 2222命令方式。在使用vagrant up启动虚拟机的过程种，日志里会打印下面信息

...
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
...

这是告诉我们vagrant做了一个端口转发，把容器的22端口映射成当前物理机的2222端口，用户是vagrant，使用private key认证。其中private key文件默认位置在当前虚拟机目录下的.vagrant\machines\default\virtualbox\private_key文件。此时我们就可以通过xshell来登录127.0.0.1的2222端口了。

挂起虚拟机

D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant suspend
==> default: Saving VM state and suspending execution...

恢复虚拟机

D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant resume
==> default: Resuming suspended VM...
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> default: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.

停止虚拟机

D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant halt
==> default: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...

启动虚拟机

D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest
    default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only
    default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install
    default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue.
    default:
    default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly,
    default: in which case you may ignore this message.
==> default: Rsyncing folder: /cygdrive/d/vagrant/centos7/ => /vagrant
==> default: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> default: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.