问题
I am trying to extract the schema of an .mdb database, so that I can recreate the database elsewhere.
How can I pull off something like this?
回答1:
It is possible to do a little with VBA. For example, here is a start on creating script for a database with local tables.
Dim db As Database
Dim tdf As TableDef
Dim fld As DAO.Field
Dim ndx As DAO.Index
Dim strSQL As String
Dim strFlds As String
Dim strCn As String
Dim fs, f
Set db = CurrentDb
Set fs = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
Set f = fs.CreateTextFile("C:\Docs\Schema.txt")
For Each tdf In db.TableDefs
If Left(tdf.Name, 4) <> "Msys" Then
strSQL = "strSQL=""CREATE TABLE [" & tdf.Name & "] ("
strFlds = ""
For Each fld In tdf.Fields
strFlds = strFlds & ",[" & fld.Name & "] "
Select Case fld.Type
Case dbText
'No look-up fields
strFlds = strFlds & "Text (" & fld.Size & ")"
Case dbLong
If (fld.Attributes And dbAutoIncrField) = 0& Then
strFlds = strFlds & "Long"
Else
strFlds = strFlds & "Counter"
End If
Case dbBoolean
strFlds = strFlds & "YesNo"
Case dbByte
strFlds = strFlds & "Byte"
Case dbInteger
strFlds = strFlds & "Integer"
Case dbCurrency
strFlds = strFlds & "Currency"
Case dbSingle
strFlds = strFlds & "Single"
Case dbDouble
strFlds = strFlds & "Double"
Case dbDate
strFlds = strFlds & "DateTime"
Case dbBinary
strFlds = strFlds & "Binary"
Case dbLongBinary
strFlds = strFlds & "OLE Object"
Case dbMemo
If (fld.Attributes And dbHyperlinkField) = 0& Then
strFlds = strFlds & "Memo"
Else
strFlds = strFlds & "Hyperlink"
End If
Case dbGUID
strFlds = strFlds & "GUID"
End Select
Next
strSQL = strSQL & Mid(strFlds, 2) & " )""" & vbCrLf & "Currentdb.Execute strSQL"
f.WriteLine vbCrLf & strSQL
'Indexes
For Each ndx In tdf.Indexes
If ndx.Unique Then
strSQL = "strSQL=""CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "
Else
strSQL = "strSQL=""CREATE INDEX "
End If
strSQL = strSQL & "[" & ndx.Name & "] ON [" & tdf.Name & "] ("
strFlds = ""
For Each fld In tdf.Fields
strFlds = ",[" & fld.Name & "]"
Next
strSQL = strSQL & Mid(strFlds, 2) & ") "
strCn = ""
If ndx.Primary Then
strCn = " PRIMARY"
End If
If ndx.Required Then
strCn = strCn & " DISALLOW NULL"
End If
If ndx.IgnoreNulls Then
strCn = strCn & " IGNORE NULL"
End If
If Trim(strCn) <> vbNullString Then
strSQL = strSQL & " WITH" & strCn & " "
End If
f.WriteLine vbCrLf & strSQL & """" & vbCrLf & "Currentdb.Execute strSQL"
Next
End If
Next
f.Close
回答2:
It's an ancient question now, but unfortunately perennial :(
I thought this code may be of use to others looking for solutions. It's designed to be run from the command line via cscript, so no need to import code into your Access project. Similar to (and inspired by) the code from Oliver in How do you use version control with Access development.
' Usage:
' CScript //Nologo ddl.vbs <input mdb file> > <output>
'
' Outputs DDL statements for tables, indexes, and relations from Access file
' (.mdb, .accdb) <input file> to stdout.
' Requires Microsoft Access.
'
' NOTE: Adapted from code from "polite person" + Kevin Chambers - see:
' http://www.mombu.com/microsoft/comp-databases-ms-access/t-exporting-jet-table-metadata-as-text-119667.html
'
Option Explicit
Dim stdout, fso
Dim strFile
Dim appAccess, db, tbl, idx, rel
Set stdout = WScript.StdOut
Set fso = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
' Parse args
If (WScript.Arguments.Count = 0) then
MsgBox "Usage: cscript //Nologo ddl.vbs access-file", vbExclamation, "Error"
Wscript.Quit()
End if
strFile = fso.GetAbsolutePathName(WScript.Arguments(0))
' Open mdb file
Set appAccess = CreateObject("Access.Application")
appAccess.OpenCurrentDatabase strFile
Set db = appAccess.DBEngine(0)(0)
' Iterate over tables
' create table statements
For Each tbl In db.TableDefs
If Not isSystemTable(tbl) And Not isHiddenTable(tbl) Then
stdout.WriteLine getTableDDL(tbl)
stdout.WriteBlankLines(1)
' Iterate over indexes
' create index statements
For Each idx In tbl.Indexes
stdout.WriteLine getIndexDDL(tbl, idx)
Next
stdout.WriteBlankLines(2)
End If
Next
' Iterate over relations
' alter table add constraint statements
For Each rel In db.Relations
Set tbl = db.TableDefs(rel.Table)
If Not isSystemTable(tbl) And Not isHiddenTable(tbl) Then
stdout.WriteLine getRelationDDL(rel)
stdout.WriteBlankLines(1)
End If
Next
Function getTableDDL(tdef)
Const dbBoolean = 1
Const dbByte = 2
Const dbCurrency = 5
Const dbDate = 8
Const dbDouble = 7
Const dbInteger = 3
Const dbLong = 4
Const dbDecimal = 20
Const dbFloat = 17
Const dbMemo = 12
Const dbSingle = 6
Const dbText = 10
Const dbGUID = 15
Const dbAutoIncrField = 16
Dim fld
Dim sql
Dim ln, a
sql = "CREATE TABLE " & QuoteObjectName(tdef.name) & " ("
ln = vbCrLf
For Each fld In tdef.fields
sql = sql & ln & " " & QuoteObjectName(fld.name) & " "
Select Case fld.Type
Case dbBoolean 'Boolean
a = "BIT"
Case dbByte 'Byte
a = "BYTE"
Case dbCurrency 'Currency
a = "MONEY"
Case dbDate 'Date / Time
a = "DATETIME"
Case dbDouble 'Double
a = "DOUBLE"
Case dbInteger 'Integer
a = "INTEGER"
Case dbLong 'Long
'test if counter, doesn't detect random property if set
If (fld.Attributes And dbAutoIncrField) Then
a = "COUNTER"
Else
a = "LONG"
End If
Case dbDecimal 'Decimal
a = "DECIMAL"
Case dbFloat 'Float
a = "FLOAT"
Case dbMemo 'Memo
a = "MEMO"
Case dbSingle 'Single
a = "SINGLE"
Case dbText 'Text
a = "VARCHAR(" & fld.Size & ")"
Case dbGUID 'Text
a = "GUID"
Case Else
'>>> raise error
MsgBox "Field " & tdef.name & "." & fld.name & _
" of type " & fld.Type & " has been ignored!!!"
End Select
sql = sql & a
If fld.Required Then _
sql = sql & " NOT NULL "
If Len(fld.DefaultValue) > 0 Then _
sql = sql & " DEFAULT " & fld.DefaultValue
ln = ", " & vbCrLf
Next
sql = sql & vbCrLf & ");"
getTableDDL = sql
End Function
Function getIndexDDL(tdef, idx)
Dim sql, ln, myfld
If Left(idx.name, 1) = "{" Then
'ignore, GUID-type indexes - bugger them
ElseIf idx.Foreign Then
'this index was created by a relation. recreating the
'relation will create this for us, so no need to do it here
Else
ln = ""
sql = "CREATE "
If idx.Unique Then
sql = sql & "UNIQUE "
End If
sql = sql & "INDEX " & QuoteObjectName(idx.name) & " ON " & _
QuoteObjectName(tdef.name) & "( "
For Each myfld In idx.fields
sql = sql & ln & QuoteObjectName(myfld.name)
ln = ", "
Next
sql = sql & " )"
If idx.Primary Then
sql = sql & " WITH PRIMARY"
ElseIf idx.IgnoreNulls Then
sql = sql & " WITH IGNORE NULL"
ElseIf idx.Required Then
sql = sql & " WITH DISALLOW NULL"
End If
sql = sql & ";"
End If
getIndexDDL = sql
End Function
' Returns the SQL DDL to add a relation between two tables.
' Oddly, DAO will not accept the ON DELETE or ON UPDATE
' clauses, so the resulting sql must be executed through ADO
Function getRelationDDL(myrel)
Const dbRelationUpdateCascade = 256
Const dbRelationDeleteCascade = 4096
Dim mytdef
Dim myfld
Dim sql, ln
With myrel
sql = "ALTER TABLE " & QuoteObjectName(.ForeignTable) & _
" ADD CONSTRAINT " & QuoteObjectName(.name) & " FOREIGN KEY ( "
ln = ""
For Each myfld In .fields 'ie fields of the relation
sql = sql & ln & QuoteObjectName(myfld.ForeignName)
ln = ","
Next
sql = sql & " ) " & "REFERENCES " & _
QuoteObjectName(.table) & "( "
ln = ""
For Each myfld In .fields
sql = sql & ln & QuoteObjectName(myfld.name)
ln = ","
Next
sql = sql & " )"
If (myrel.Attributes And dbRelationUpdateCascade) Then _
sql = sql & " ON UPDATE CASCADE"
If (myrel.Attributes And dbRelationDeleteCascade) Then _
sql = sql & " ON DELETE CASCADE"
sql = sql & ";"
End With
getRelationDDL = sql
End Function
Function isSystemTable(tbl)
Dim nAttrib
Const dbSystemObject = -2147483646
isSystemTable = False
nAttrib = tbl.Attributes
isSystemTable = (nAttrib <> 0 And ((nAttrib And dbSystemObject) <> 0))
End Function
Function isHiddenTable(tbl)
Dim nAttrib
Const dbHiddenObject = 1
isHiddenTable = False
nAttrib = tbl.Attributes
isHiddenTable = (nAttrib <> 0 And ((nAttrib And dbHiddenObject) <> 0))
End Function
Function QuoteObjectName(str)
QuoteObjectName = "[" & str & "]"
End Function
If you are looking to export query definitions as well, this question should help. It's a little different because you don't usually create querydefs with plain DDL CREATE VIEW foo AS ... syntax, in fact I'm not sure you can (?)
But here's a little piece of a script I wrote for backing up queries to separate .sql files (which is part of a larger script for backing up all front-end db code, see Oliver's answer for this question).
Dim oApplication
Set oApplication = CreateObject("Access.Application")
oApplication.OpenCurrentDatabase sMyAccessFilePath
oApplication.Visible = False
For Each myObj In oApplication.DBEngine(0)(0).QueryDefs
writeToFile sExportpath & "\queries\" & myObj.Name & ".sql", myObj.SQL
Next
Function writeToFile(path, text)
Dim fso, st
Set fso = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
Set st = fso.CreateTextFile(path, True)
st.Write text
st.Close
End Function
回答3:
The following C# outlines how to obtain the schema from a .mdb file.
Obtain a connection to the database:
String f = "Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" + "database.mdb";
OleDbConnection databaseConnection = new OleDbConnection(f);
databaseConnection.Open();
Get the name of each table:
DataTable dataTable = databaseConnection.GetOleDbSchemaTable(OleDbSchemaGuid.Tables, new object[] { null, null, null, "TABLE" });
int numTables = dataTable.Rows.Count;
for (int tableIndex = 0; tableIndex < numTables; ++tableIndex)
{
String tableName = dataTable.Rows[tableIndex]["TABLE_NAME"].ToString();
Get the fields for each table:
DataTable schemaTable = databaseConnection.GetOleDbSchemaTable(OleDbSchemaGuid.Columns, new object[] { null, null, tableName, null });
foreach (DataRow row in schemaTable.Rows)
{
String fieldName = row["COLUMN_NAME"].ToString(); //3
String fieldType = row["DATA_TYPE"].ToString(); // 11
String fieldDescription = row["DESCRIPTION"].ToString(); //27
}
}
Where do the 3, 11 and 27 come from? I found them by inspecting DataRow.ItemArray with a debugger, does anyone know the 'correct' way?
回答4:
If you're happy to use something other than pure Access SQL, you could persist a collection of ADOX objects and use those to recreate the table structure.
Example (in Python, doesn't currently recreate relationships and indexes as it wasn't needed for the project I was working on):
import os
import sys
import datetime
import comtypes.client as client
class Db:
def __init__(self, original_con_string = None, file_path = None,
new_con_string = None, localise_links = False):
self.original_con_string = original_con_string
self.file_path = file_path
self.new_con_string = new_con_string
self.localise_links = localise_links
def output_table_structures(self, verbosity = 0):
if os.path.exists(self.file_path):
if not os.path.isdir(self.file_path):
raise Exception("file_path must be a directory!")
else:
os.mkdir(self.file_path)
cat = client.CreateObject("ADOX.Catalog")
cat.ActiveConnection = self.original_con_string
linked_tables = ()
for table in cat.Tables:
if table.Type == u"TABLE":
f = open(self.file_path + os.path.sep +
"Tablestruct_" + table.Name + ".txt", "w")
conn = client.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
conn.ConnectionString = self.original_con_string
rs = client.CreateObject("ADODB.Recordset")
conn.Open()
rs.Open("SELECT TOP 1 * FROM [%s];" % table.Name, conn)
for field in rs.Fields:
col = table.Columns[field.Name]
col_details = (col.Name, col.Type, col.DefinedSize,
col.Attributes)
property_dict = {}
property_dict["Autoincrement"] = (
col.Properties["Autoincrement"].Value)
col_details += property_dict,
f.write(repr(col_details) + "\n")
rs.Close()
conn.Close()
f.close()
if table.Type == u"LINK":
table_details = table.Name,
table_details += table.Properties(
"Jet OLEDB:Link DataSource").Value,
table_details += table.Properties(
"Jet OLEDB:Link Provider String").Value,
table_details += table.Properties(
"Jet OLEDB:Remote Table Name").Value,
linked_tables += table_details,
if linked_tables != ():
f = open(self.file_path + os.path.sep +
"linked_list.txt", "w")
for t in linked_tables:
f.write(repr(t) + "\n")
cat.ActiveConnection.Close()
A similar reverse function reconstructs the database using the second connection string.
回答5:
You can use the ACE/Jet OLE DB Provider and an ADO Connection object's OpenSchema method to get schema information as a Recordset (which is arguable better than a Collection because it can be filtered, sorted, etc).
The basic methodology is to use adSchemaTables to get the base tables (not VIEWs), then use each TABLE_NAME to fetch adSchemaColumns for ORDINAL_POSITION, !DATA_TYPE, !IS_NULLABLE, !COLUMN_HASDEFAULT, !COLUMN_DEFAULT, !CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, !NUMERIC_PRECISION,!NUMERIC_SCALE.
adSchemaPrimaryKeys is straightforward. adSchemaIndexes is where you will find UNIQUE constraints, not sure wether these can be distinguished from unique indexes, also the names of FOREIGN KEYs to plug into the adSchemaForeignKeys rowset e.g. (pseudo code):
rsFK.Filter = "FK_NAME = '" & !INDEX_NAME & "'")
-- watch for the gotcha that Jet 3.51 allows a FK based on a nameless PK (!!)
Names of Validation Rules and CHECK constraints can be found in the adSchemaTableConstraints rowset, using the table name in the OpenSchema call, then use the name in the call to the adSchemaCheckConstraints rowset, filter for CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'CHECK' (a gotcha is a constraint named 'ValidationRule' + Chr$(0), so best to escape the null characters form the name). Remember that ACE/Jet Validation rules can be either row-level or table-level (CHECK constraints are always table-level), so you may need to use the table name in the filter: for adSchemaTableConstraints is [].[].ValidationRule will be [].ValidationRule in adSchemaCheckConstraints. Another gotcha (suspected bug) is that the Field is 255 characters wide, so any Validation Rule/CHECK constraint definition of more than 255 characters will have a NULL value.
adSchemaViews, for Access Query objects based on non-paramaterized SELECT SQL DML, is straightforward; you can use the VIEW name in adSchemaColumns to get the column details.
PROCEDURES are in adSchemaProcedures, being all other flavours of Access Query objects including parameterized SELECT DML; for the latter I prefer to replace the PARAMETERS syntax with CREATE PROCEDURE PROCEDURE_NAME in the PROCEDURE_DEFINITION. Don't boterh looking in the adSchemaProcedureParameters, you won't find anything: the parameters can be enumerated by using an ADOX Catalog object to return an ADO Command e.g. (pseudo code):
Set Command = Catalog.Procedures(PROCEDURE_NAME).Command
then enumerate the Comm.Parameters collection for the .Name, .Type for DATA_TYPE, (.Attributes And adParamNullable) for IS_NULLABLE, .Value for COLUMN_HASDEFAULT and COLUMN_DEFAULT, .Size, .Precision, .NumericScale.
For ACE/Jet-specific properties such as Unicode compression you need to use another kind of object. For example, a Long Integer Autonumber in Access-speak can be found using an ADO Catalog object e.g. (pseudo code):
bIsAutoincrement = Catalog.Tables(TABLE_NAME).Columns(COLUMN_NAME).Properties("Autoincrement").Value
Good luck :)
回答6:
Compare'Em http://home.gci.net/~mike-noel/CompareEM-LITE/CompareEM.htm will happily generate the VBA code need to recreate an MDB. Or the code to create the differences between two MDBs so you can do a version upgrade of the already existing BE MDB. It's a bit quirky but works. Note it does not support the new ACE (Access2007) ACCDB etc formats.
I use it all the time.
(OneDayWhen's edit was one third right and two thirds wrong.)
回答7:
It's hard to do DDL scripts / queries in Access. It can be done but you'd be better off just creating a copy of the database - deleting all the data and compacting it. Then use a copy of this for recreating the database elsewhere.
回答8:
Check out the docmd.TransferDatabase command. It is probably your best bet for build integration that needs to replicate the data structure
回答9:
Very helpful post!
I have revised the script to generate the data definition language for SQL server. I thought it might be useful to someone, so I'm sharing it. The one problem I ran into is that the VBS script extracts all fields in the table for indexes. I'm not sure how to solve this just yet, so I extract only the first field. This will work for most primary keys. Finally, not all of the data types are proven, but I think I got most of them.
Option Compare Database
Function exportTableDefs()
Dim db As Database
Dim tdf As TableDef
Dim fld As DAO.Field
Dim ndx As DAO.Index
Dim strSQL As String
Dim strFlds As String
Dim fs, f
Set db = CurrentDb
Set fs = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
Set f = fs.CreateTextFile("C:\temp\Schema.txt")
For Each tdf In db.TableDefs
If Left(tdf.Name, 4) <> "Msys" And Left(tdf.Name, 1) <> "~" Then
strSQL = "CREATE TABLE [" & tdf.Name & "] (" & vbCrLf
strFlds = ""
For Each fld In tdf.Fields
strFlds = strFlds & ",[" & fld.Name & "] "
Select Case fld.Type
Case dbText
'No look-up fields
strFlds = strFlds & "varchar (" & fld.SIZE & ")"
Case dbLong
If (fld.Attributes And dbAutoIncrField) = 0& Then
strFlds = strFlds & "bigint"
Else
strFlds = strFlds & "int IDENTITY(1,1)"
End If
Case dbBoolean
strFlds = strFlds & "bit"
Case dbByte
strFlds = strFlds & "tinyint"
Case dbInteger
strFlds = strFlds & "int"
Case dbCurrency
strFlds = strFlds & "decimal(10,2)"
Case dbSingle
strFlds = strFlds & "decimal(10,2)"
Case dbDouble
strFlds = strFlds & "Float"
Case dbDate
strFlds = strFlds & "DateTime"
Case dbBinary
strFlds = strFlds & "binary"
Case dbLongBinary
strFlds = strFlds & "varbinary(max)"
Case dbMemo
If (fld.Attributes And dbHyperlinkField) = 0& Then
strFlds = strFlds & "varbinary(max)"
Else
strFlds = strFlds & "?"
End If
Case dbGUID
strFlds = strFlds & "?"
Case Else
strFlds = strFlds & "?"
End Select
strFlds = strFlds & vbCrLf
Next
'' get rid of the first comma
strSQL = strSQL & Mid(strFlds, 2) & " )" & vbCrLf
f.WriteLine strSQL
strSQL = ""
'Indexes
For Each ndx In tdf.Indexes
If Left(ndx.Name, 1) <> "~" Then
If ndx.Primary Then
strSQL = "ALTER TABLE " & tdf.Name & " ADD CONSTRAINT " & tdf.Name & "_primary" & " PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( " & vbCrLf
Else
If ndx.Unique Then
strSQL = "CREATE UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED INDEX "
Else
strSQL = "CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX "
End If
strSQL = strSQL & "[" & tdf.Name & "_" & ndx.Name & "] ON [" & tdf.Name & "] ("
End If
strFlds = ""
''' Assume that the index is only for the first field. This will work for most primary keys
''' Not sure how to get just the fields in the index
For Each fld In tdf.Fields
strFlds = strFlds & ",[" & fld.Name & "] ASC "
Exit For
Next
strSQL = strSQL & Mid(strFlds, 2) & ") "
End If
Next
f.WriteLine strSQL & vbCrLf
End If
Next
f.Close
End Function
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/698839/how-to-extract-the-schema-of-an-access-mdb-database