1.统计对象中某个成员变量的访问次数
注意:对象(普通对象,只读对象)
eg:
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Test { int m_value; int * const m_pCount; public: Test(int value = 0) : m_pCount(new int(0)) { m_value = value; } int getValue() const { *m_pCount = *m_pCount + 1; return m_value; } void setValue(int value) { *m_pCount = *m_pCount + 1; m_value = value; } int getCount() const { return *m_pCount; } ~Test() { delete m_pCount; } }; int main() { // 普通对象 Test t; t.setValue(100); cout << "t.m_value = " << t.getValue() << endl; cout << "t.m_count = " << t.getCount() << endl; // 只读对象 const Test ct(200); cout << "ct.m_value = " << ct.getValue() << endl; cout << "ct.m_count = " << ct.getCount() << endl; return 0; }
2.new关键字创建出来的对象位于什么地方?
答案:可以位于静态存储区,堆去,栈区
new与delete
a.new/delete的本质是c++预定义的操作符(可重载)
b.c++对这两个操作符做了严格的行为定义
new
1).获得足够大的内存空间(默认为堆空间)
2).在获取的空间中调用构造函数创建对象
delete
1).调用析构函数销毁对象
2).归还对象所占用的空间(默认为堆空间)
c.在c++中能够重载new/delete操作符
1).全局重载(不推荐)
2).局部重载(针对具体类进行重载)
重载new/delete的意义在于改变动态对象创建时的内存分配方式
new/delete的重载方式
// 默认为静态成员函数 void* operator new (unsigned int size) { void* ret = NULL; /* ret point to allocated memory */ return ret; } // 默认为静态成员函数 void operator delete(void* p) { /* free the memory which is pointed by p */ }
new关键字创建的对象位于静态存储区
eg:
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Test { static const unsigned int COUNT = 4; static char c_buffer[]; static char c_map[]; int m_value; public: void* operator new (unsigned int size) { void* ret = NULL; for(int i = 0; i < COUNT; i++) { c_map[i] = 1; ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test); cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl; break; } return ret; } void operator delete(void* p) { if(p != NULL) { char* mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p); int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test); int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test); if((flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < COUNT)) { c_map[index] = 0; cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl; } } } }; char Test::c_buffer[sizeof(Test) * Test::COUNT] = {0}; char Test::c_map[COUNT] = {0}; int main() { cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl; Test* pt = new Test; delete pt; cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl; Test* pa[5] = {0}; for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { pa[i] = new Test; cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl; } for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cout << "delete" << pa[i] << endl; delete pa[i]; } return 0; }
如何在指定的地址上创建c++对象(new在栈区创建对象)
解决方案:
在类中重载new/delete操作符;在new的操作符重载函数中返回指定地址;在delete操作符重载中标记对应地址可用。
知识点:
calloc:
a.参数 : (个数,大小),例;(20, int);申请一个数组成员为20个int大小
b.初始化: 在动态分配完内存后,自动初始化该内存空间为零。
c.返回值: 函数返回值是一个数组。
eg:
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cstdlib> using namespace std; class Test { static unsigned int c_count; static char* c_buffer; // 因为是动态的,自定义地址。所以这里使用指针 static char* c_map; // 因为是动态的,自定义地址。所以这里使用指针 int m_value; public: static bool SetMemorySource(char* memory, unsigned int size) { bool ret = false; c_count = size / sizeof(Test); // 确保size至少能存下一个Test // c_map初始化,一个数组。成员是c_count个char ret = (c_count && (c_map = reinterpret_cast<char*>(calloc(c_count, sizeof(char))))); if(ret) { c_buffer = memory; } else { // 如果指定到地址不能装下一个Test,或者c_map数组赋值失败。 free(c_map); c_map = NULL; c_buffer = NULL; c_count = 0; } return ret; } void* operator new (unsigned int size) { void* ret = NULL; if(c_count > 0) { for(int i = 0; i < c_count; i++) { if(!c_map[i]) { c_map[i] = 1; ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test); cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl; break; } } } else { ret = malloc(size); } return ret; } void operator delete(void* p) { if(p != NULL) { if(c_count > 0) { char* mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p); int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test); int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test); if((flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < c_count)) { c_map[index] = 0; cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl; } } else { free(p); } } } }; unsigned int Test::c_count = 0; char* Test::c_buffer = NULL; // 初始为空 char* Test::c_map = NULL; int main() { char buffer[12] = {0}; Test::SetMemorySource(buffer, sizeof(buffer)); cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl; Test* pt = new Test; delete pt; cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl; Test* pa[5] = {0}; for(int i=0; i<5; i++) { pa[i] = new Test; cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl; } for(int i=0; i<5; i++) { cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl; delete pa[i]; } return 0; }
3.new[]/delete 与 new/delete
new[]/delete 与 new/delete完全不同
a.动态对象数组创建通过new[]完成
b.动态对象数组的销毁通过delete[]完成
c.new[]/delete[]能够被重载,进而改变内存管理方式
注意:
a.new[]实际需要返回的内存空间可能比期望的要多。因为对象组占用的内存中需要保存数组信息
b.数组信息用于确定构造函数和析构函数的调用次数
重载方式
// 默认为静态成员函数 void* operator new[] (unsigned int size) { void* ret = NULL; /* ret point to allocated memory */ return ret; } // 默认为静态成员函数 void operator delete[](void* p) { /* free the memory which is pointed by p */ }
eg:
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cstdlib> using namespace std; class Test { int m_value; public: Test() { m_value = 0; } ~Test() { } void* operator new (unsigned int size) { cout << "operator new: " << size << endl; return malloc(size); } void operator delete (void* p) { cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl; free(p); } void* operator new[] (unsigned int size) { cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl; return malloc(size); } void operator delete[] (void* p) { cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl; free(p); } }; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { Test* pt = NULL; pt = new Test; delete pt; pt = new Test[5]; delete[] pt; return 0; }
来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/huangdengtao/p/12040275.html