django QuerySet里那些常用又不常见的技巧

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最近的作业是django rest,业务有点复杂，因此model部分会有各种查询，有些确实之前很少用到的东西，向Q，F，这都是毛啊

QuerySet

像Entry.Objects.all(),这些操作返回的是一个QuerySet对象，这个对象比较特别，并不是执行Objects.all(),或者filter之后就会与数据库交互，具体参看官方文档,与数据库交互的情况：

https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/models/querysets/

Internally, a QuerySet can be constructed, filtered, sliced, and generally passed around without actually hitting the database. No database activity actually occurs until you do something to evaluate the queryset.

可以print queryset对象的query属性查看具体sql

1. list(Entry.Objects.all())
2. for e in Entry.Objects.all():pass  
# 便利第一个元素的时候会触发数据库操作
3. Entry.Objects.all()[2:10] 
# 这种情况不会返回所有元素，sql中会加上limit的，分页可以利用这一点

Q和F

F class

from django.db.models import F

Instances of F() act as a reference to a model field within a query. These references can then be used in query filters to compare the values of two different fields on the same model instance.

这就是说F是专门取对象中某列值的，例子： 'QuerySet 判断一个model两个字段是否相等'

Q class

from django.db.models import Q

Keyword argument queries – in filter(), etc. – are “AND”ed together. If you need to execute more complex queries (for example, queries with OR statements), you can use Q objects.

从文档把Q放在Complex lookups with Q objects,下就可以看出，Q是做复杂查询的

and --> XX.objects.filter(Q(f=1),Q(f=2))  # 肯定木有结果 f == 1 and f == 2
or --> XX.objects.filter(Q(f=1) | Q(f=2)) # f ==1 | f == 2
not --> XX.objects.filter(~Q(f=1),Q(f=2))  # f != 1 and f == 2

判断某字段是否为null

_tasks = tasks.exclude(group__isnull=True)

各种双下滑线对应的各种方法,参看文档 querysets field lookup

https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/ref/models/querysets/#field-lookups

QuerySet !=

例如model 有两列一列叫做user,一列叫做assigned_user, 需求是取出user!=1的记录,django里面不能使用!=,需要用Q

from django.db.models import Q
direct_comment = _tasks.filter(~Q(user=1))

Q还可以这样,user = 1或者2的元素

direct_comment = _tasks.filter(Q(user=1) | Q(user=2))

QuerySet 判断一个model两个字段是否相等

from django.db.models import F

例如model 有两列 一列叫做user,一列叫做assigned_user,
需求是取出user=assigned_user的记录

direct_comment = _tasks.filter(user=F('assigned_user'))

django group_by

对某些取到的QuerySet分组还是很常见的

def group_by(query_set, group_by):
    '''util:django 获取分类列表'''
    assert isinstance(query_set, QuerySet)
    django_groups = query_set.values(group_by).annotate(Count(group_by))
    groups = []
    for dict_ in django_groups:
        groups.append(dict_.get(group_by))
    return groups

例如:
assign_to = _tasks.exclude(user=F('assigned_user'))
groups = group_by(assign_to, 'group')
取出的是一个列表groups = [1L, 3L, 4L]