构建镜像（两种方式）
作用
- 保存对容器的修改，并再次使用
- 自定义镜像的能力
- 以软件的形式打包并分发服务及运行环境
当我们从docker 镜像仓库中下载的镜像不能满足我们的需求时，我们可以通过以下两种方式对镜像进行更改。
- 1、从已经创建的容器中更新镜像，并且提交这个镜像
- 2、使用
Dockerfile指令来创建一个新的镜像
构建方法一：通过容器构建镜像（docker commit）
使用 commit构建镜像
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ docker commit --help
Usage: docker commit [OPTIONS] CONTAINER [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]
Create a new image from a container's changes
Options:
-a, --author string Author (e.g., "John Hannibal Smith <hannibal@a-team.com>") # 作者
-c, --change list Apply Dockerfile instruction to the created image # 将Dockerfile指令应用于创建的镜像
-m, --message string Commit message # 提交信息
-p, --pause Pause container during commit (default true) # 在提交期间暂停容器（默认为true）
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$
例子：
1、首先启动一个交互式容器，端口为80，命名为 commit_test ，为 ubuntu 系统：
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ docker run -it -p 80 --name commit_test ubuntu /bin/bash
root@5e6adcebb4ca:/#
2、在运行的容器内使用 apt-get update 命令进行更新。
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ docker run -it -p 80 --name commit_test ubuntu /bin/bash
root@5e6adcebb4ca:/# apt-get update
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease [242 kB]
Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease [83.2 kB]
Get:3 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/multiverse amd64 Packages [1365 B]
Get:4 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/universe amd64 Packages [135 kB]
Get:5 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease [88.7 kB]
......
3、安装 nginx。
root@5e6adcebb4ca:/# apt-get install -y nginx
4、在完成操作之后，输入 exit 命令来退出这个容器。
5、查看我们刚才建立好的容器
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ docker ps -l
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
5e6adcebb4ca ubuntu "/bin/bash" 11 minutes ago Exited (0) 5 seconds ago commit_test
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$
此时ID为 5e6adcebb4ca 的容器，是按我们的需求更改的容器。
6、将容器提交为镜像
我们可以通过命令 docker commit 来提交容器为镜像。
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ docker commit -m "add a nginx" -a "yang" 5e6adcebb4ca yang/ubuntu_commit_test
sha256:6cf1911fcffaced9df7b84399ce14f05f977e8d83d12ccdae77ad5f458f250bf
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$
各个参数说明：
-m: 提交镜像的描述信息-a: 指定镜像的作者-
5e6adcebb4ca: 容器ID或名字
yang/ubuntu_commit_test: 给 要创建的目标镜像 命名
返回的 ID 为新生成的镜像的 ID 。
7、使用 docker images 命令来查看我们的新镜像。
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
yang/ubuntu_commit_test latest 6cf1911fcffa 2 minutes ago 171MB
hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 13 days ago 1.84kB
ubuntu latest 1d9c17228a9e 2 weeks ago 86.7MB
centos latest 1e1148e4cc2c 5 weeks ago 202MB
ubuntu 15.10 9b9cb95443b5 2 years ago 137MB
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$
8、使用我们的新镜像 yang/ubuntu_commit_test 来启动一个容器，并运行nginx命令
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ docker run -d --name nginx_web -p 80 yang/ubuntu_commit_test nginx -g "daemon off;"
85b8c68cf6daf564523b2402e7e43a0246a50d9f4418bebe7700280e19fb3e5e
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
85b8c68cf6da yang/ubuntu_commit_test "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 40 seconds ago Up 39 seconds 0.0.0.0:32770->80/tcp nginx_web
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$
测试：
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$ curl http://127.0.0.1:32770
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz /]$
可以访问到 nginx 的服务了。
总结
由于我们将之前容器中的修改保存到镜像中，这样我们可以很容易的重复执行这个镜像，提供同样的服务。
构建方法二（重点）：通过 Dockerfile 文件构建镜像（docker build）
我们使用命令 docker build ， 从零开始来创建一个新的镜像。
步骤一：创建 Dockerfile 文件
什么是Dockerfile 文件？
是包含了一系列命令的文本文件。
提供了一系列构建按镜像的能力。
包含了：
- 镜像的基础
- 镜像的维护人
- 镜像中需要执行的命令
- 暴露的端口
例子：
# First Dockerfile for test
FROM ubuntu:14.04
MAINTAINER yangshuo "yangshuo@outlook.com"
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y nginx
EXPOSE 80
创建步骤
1、创建一个存放 Dockerfile 文件的目录
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz ~]$ mkdir -p docker/df_1
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz ~]$
2、进入该目录，并创建一个 Dockerfile 文件
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz ~]$ cd docker/df_1/
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$ vi Dockerfile
3、在Dockerfile 文件中添加命令
# First Dockerfile for test
FROM ubuntu:14.04
MAINTAINER yangshuo "yangshuo@outlook.com"
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y nginx
EXPOSE 80
- 每一个指令都会在镜像上创建一个新的层，每一个指令的前缀都必须是大写的。
- 第一条
FROM，指定使用哪个镜像源 RUN指令告诉docker在镜像内执行命令，安装了什么…
步骤二：使用 docker build 命令 来 构建镜像
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$ docker build --help
Usage: docker build [OPTIONS] PATH | URL | -
Build an image from a Dockerfile
Options:
--add-host list Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
--build-arg list Set build-time variables
--cache-from strings Images to consider as cache sources
--cgroup-parent string Optional parent cgroup for the container
--compress Compress the build context using gzip
--cpu-period int Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
--cpu-quota int Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
-c, --cpu-shares int CPU shares (relative weight)
--cpuset-cpus string CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
--cpuset-mems string MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
--disable-content-trust Skip image verification (default true)
-f, --file string Name of the Dockerfile (Default is 'PATH/Dockerfile')
--force-rm Always remove intermediate containers
--iidfile string Write the image ID to the file
--isolation string Container isolation technology
--label list Set metadata for an image
-m, --memory bytes Memory limit
--memory-swap bytes Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
--network string Set the networking mode for the RUN instructions during build (default "default")
--no-cache Do not use cache when building the image
--pull Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image
-q, --quiet Suppress the build output and print image ID on success
--rm Remove intermediate containers after a successful build (default true)
--security-opt strings Security options
--shm-size bytes Size of /dev/shm
-t, --tag list Name and optionally a tag in the 'name:tag' format # 以“name：tag”格式命名和选择标记
--target string Set the target build stage to build. # 设置要构建的目标构建阶段。
--ulimit ulimit Ulimit options (default []) # Ulimit选项（默认[]）
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$
1、然后，我们使用 Dockerfile文件，通过 docker build 命令来构建一个镜像。
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$ docker build -t "yangshuo/df_1" .
Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048kB
Step 1/5 : FROM ubuntu:14.04
14.04: Pulling from library/ubuntu
9b316e271c60: Pull complete
dea703e2e1f1: Pull complete
dd50fddc64ae: Pull complete
9d32d2e6dcde: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:2ceb8f8fef6dfa7433c992efdedc90c35b572747f34d9bac726e18a9e086e95e
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:14.04
---> 7e4b16ae8b23
Step 2/5 : MAINTAINER yangshuo "yangshuo@outlook.com"
---> Running in 7a1140db3436
Removing intermediate container 7a1140db3436
---> ba9c9213ec09
Step 3/5 : RUN apt-get update
---> Running in 99146ff211ff
Ign http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease
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Fetched 13.3 MB in 21s (630 kB/s)
Reading package lists...
Removing intermediate container 99146ff211ff
---> 842289e51a72
Step 4/5 : RUN apt-get install -y nginx
---> Running in 2ea3409a4c27
Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
The following extra packages will be installed:
fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core geoip-database libfontconfig1
libfreetype6 libgd3 libgeoip1 libjbig0 libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libtiff5
libvpx1 libx11-6 libx11-data libxau6 libxcb1 libxdmcp6 libxml2 libxpm4
libxslt1.1 nginx-common nginx-core sgml-base xml-core
Suggested packages:
libgd-tools geoip-bin fcgiwrap nginx-doc sgml-base-doc debhelper
The following NEW packages will be installed:
fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core geoip-database libfontconfig1
libfreetype6 libgd3 libgeoip1 libjbig0 libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libtiff5
libvpx1 libx11-6 libx11-data libxau6 libxcb1 libxdmcp6 libxml2 libxpm4
libxslt1.1 nginx nginx-common nginx-core sgml-base xml-core
0 upgraded, 25 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2 not upgraded.
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Setting up nginx-core (1.4.6-1ubuntu3.9) ...
invoke-rc.d: policy-rc.d denied execution of start.
Setting up nginx (1.4.6-1ubuntu3.9) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.14) ...
Processing triggers for sgml-base (1.26+nmu4ubuntu1) ...
Removing intermediate container 2ea3409a4c27
---> 769fa9518184
Step 5/5 : EXPOSE 80
---> Running in 2ea05e55193d
Removing intermediate container 2ea05e55193d
---> 3ed11623e037
Successfully built 3ed11623e037
Successfully tagged yangshuo/df_1:latest
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$
参数说明：
-t：指定要创建的目标镜像名.：Dockerfile文件所在目录，可以指定Dockerfile的绝对路径
从上面可以看出，我们在 Dockerfile文件中写入的命令，会在docker build 命令中分步的执行。
同时，每执行一步，会返回一个唯一 ID ，这个ID ，就是我们所说的构建过程中的中间层镜像。
如果我们使用了 -q 选项，就不会显示构建过程。
2、使用 docker images 查看创建的镜像已经在列表中存在,镜像ID为 be5e1d8bd085
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$ docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
yangshuo/df_1 latest 3ed11623e037 About a minute ago 222MB
yang/ubuntu_commit_test latest 6cf1911fcffa 35 minutes ago 171MB
hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 13 days ago 1.84kB
ubuntu 14.04 7e4b16ae8b23 2 weeks ago 188MB
ubuntu latest 1d9c17228a9e 2 weeks ago 86.7MB
centos latest 1e1148e4cc2c 5 weeks ago 202MB
ubuntu 15.10 9b9cb95443b5 2 years ago 137MB
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$
3、使用新的镜像来创建容器
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$ docker run -d --name nginx_web_df -p 80 yangshuo/df_1 nginx -g "daemon off;"
c3c025ce40904b6cce725e304ad8f45d0d21f61b984bb6211ffdf7fd471665c0
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c3c025ce4090 yangshuo/df_1 "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 41 seconds ago Up 40 seconds 0.0.0.0:32771->80/tcp nginx_web_df
85b8c68cf6da yang/ubuntu_commit_test "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 32 minutes ago Up 32 minutes 0.0.0.0:32770->80/tcp nginx_web
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$
4、测试
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$ curl http://127.0.0.1:32771
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
[yang@izwz9bge0ivbgoesxak65wz df_1]$
设置镜像标签
我们可以使用 docker tag 命令，为镜像添加一个新的标签。
[root@docker ~]# docker tag be5e1d8bd085 runoob/centos:dev
docker tag 镜像ID，这里是 be5e1d8bd085 ,用户名称、镜像源名(repository name)和新的标签名(tag)。
使用 docker images 命令可以看到，ID 为 be5e1d8bd085 的镜像多一个标签。
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
runoob/centos 6.7 be5e1d8bd085 3 minutes ago 191MB
runoob/centos dev be5e1d8bd085 3 minutes ago 191MB
runoob/ubuntu v2 b14eca5fdbcb 17 minutes ago 137MB
ubuntu 14.04 f17b6a61de28 8 days ago 188MB
httpd latest 2a51bb06dc8b 12 days ago 132MB
centos 6.7 192ad0341c8b 7 weeks ago 191MB
centos latest 75835a67d134 7 weeks ago 200MB
hello-world latest 4ab4c602aa5e 2 months ago 1.84kB
ubuntu 15.10 9b9cb95443b5 2 years ago 137MB
training/webapp latest 6fae60ef3446 3 years ago 349MB
[root@docker ~]#
来源：CSDN
作者：不知所起 一往而深
链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42112635/article/details/84679532