Is gcc considering builtins of non-constant expression functions to be constant expressions

问题

Please see the update for a better sample of the problem. The original code has a mix of issues which muddies the picture:

This question Why can I call a non-constexpr function inside a constexpr function? presented the following code

#include <stdio.h>

constexpr int f()
{
    return printf("a side effect!\n");
}

int main()
{
    char a[f()];
    printf("%zd\n", sizeof a);
}

Which as I answer is ill-formed but gcc 4.8.2 allows it (see it live).

But, if we use the -fno-builtin flag gcc generates an error (see it live):

error: call to non-constexpr function 'int printf(const char*, ...)'
     return printf("a side effect!\n");
                                     ^

so it seems that gcc is considering its builtin version of printf to be a constant expression. gcc documents builtins here but does not document this case where a builtin of a non-constexpr function can be considered a constant expression.

If this is indeed the case:

Is a compiler allowed to to do this?
If they are allowed, don't they have to document it to be conformant?
Can this be considered an extension, if so, it seems like this would require a warning as the C++ draft standard section 1.4 Implementation compliance paragraph 8 says (emphasis mine):

A conforming implementation may have extensions (including additional library functions), provided they do not alter the behavior of any well-formed program. Implementations are required to diagnose programs that use such extensions that are ill-formed according to this International Standard. Having done so, however, they can compile and execute such programs.

Update

As Casey points out there are a few things going on in the original problem that makes it a poor example. A simple example would be using std::pow which is not a constexpr function:

#include <cmath>
#include <cstdio>

constexpr double f()
{
    return std::pow( 2.0, 2.0 ) ;
}

int main()
{
    constexpr double x = f() ;

    printf( "%f\n", x ) ;
}

Compiles and builds with no warnings or error (see it live) but adding -fno-builtin makes it generates an error (see it live). Note: why math functions are not constexpr in C++11:

error: call to non-constexpr function 'double pow(double, double)'
     return std::pow( 2.0, 2.0 ) ;
                               ^

回答1:

Yes, gcc is considering some builtin functions as constexpr even if the standard does not explicitly mark them as such. We can find the discussion that pertains specifically to the math function found in cmath in the gcc bug report [C++0x] sinh vs asinh vs constexpr which says:

LWG 2013 does seem to allow GCC to treat these functions as constexpr. So, fixed for 4.7

which is referring to LWG issue 2013 whose original proposed resolution was to add the following to section 17.6.5.6 [constexpr.functions] (emphasis mine going forward):

[...]Additionally, an implementation may declare any function to be constexpr if that function's definition satisfies the necessary constraints[...]

but after C++11 the resolution was reversed and the final resolution ended up as:

[...]An implementation shall not declare any standard library function signature as constexpr except for those where it is explicitly required.[..]

So this is currently(in C++14) a explicitly non-conforming extension and as far as I can tell this was non-conforming in C++11 since it alters observable behavior and therefore would not be allowed via the as-if rule.

Jonathan Wakely points out a libstdc++ mailing list discussion: PR libstdc++/49813 revisited: constexpr on functions (and builtins) where reopening the bug report mentioned above was discussed due to the issues laid out above:

I believe we should re-open the bug in light of the actual resolution of LWG 2013 (adding constexpr is forbidden).

The FE should not treat builtins as constexpr in strict-conformance mode.

We should either remove _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR from <cmath> entirely or make it conditional on __STRICT_ANSI__.

回答2:

GCC does not consider f() to be a constant expression. Look at the diagnostics for the first sample program you linked:

main.cpp: In function 'int main()':
main.cpp:10:19: warning: ISO C++ forbids variable length array 'a' [-Wvla]
         char a[f()];
                   ^

The compiler doesn't think f() is a constant expression, the program is in fact using GCC's extension that allows variable length arrays - arrays with non-constant size.

If you change the program to force f() into a constant expression:

int main() {
    constexpr int size = f();
    char a[size];
    printf("%zd\n", sizeof a);
}

GCC does report an error:

main.cpp: In function 'int main()':
main.cpp:10:32:   in constexpr expansion of 'f()'
main.cpp:5:41: error: 'printf(((const char*)"a side effect!\012"))' is not a constant expression
         return printf("a side effect!\n");
                                         ^

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22182432/is-gcc-considering-builtins-of-non-constant-expression-functions-to-be-constant

标签

c++

gcc

c++11

language-lawyer

constant-expression