requests高级部分

回顾

bs4
- 1.实例化一个对象
- 2.方法或者属性进行数据提取
- 标签定位：
  - soup.tagName
  - 属性定位：soup.find('tagName',class_='xxx')/find_all()
  - select('层级')
  - string/text
  - tag['src']
xpath:
- 属性定位：//tagName[@class="xxxx"]
- 索引定位：//tagName[1]
- 取文本：/text() //text()
- 取属性：//img/@src

代理
cookie
验证码的识别
模拟登陆

代理

代理概念：代理服务器。
作用：接受请求==》请求转发。
代理和爬虫之间的关联：
- 可以使用请求转发的机制使得目的服务器接收到的请求对应ip的一个改变。
为什么要使用代理改变请求的ip地址？
- 爬虫程序在短时间内对指定的服务器发起了一个高频的请求，则请求对应的ip可能会被目的服务器禁止。
代理的一些基础知识：
- 代理的匿名度：
  - 透明代理：目的服务器知道你使用了代理机制并且也知道你的真实IP
  - 匿名代理：知道使用了代理机制，但是不知道你的真实ip
  - 高匿代理：不知道使用了代理，也不知道你的真实ip
- 代理的类型：
  - http
  - https
免费代理ip：
- 快代理
- 西祠代理
- www.goubanjia.com
- 代理精灵
需求：测试一下代理是否会生效
- 准备：
  - 代理ip和端口号
  - 测试的过程
get/post方法中使用proxies请求代理的设置
- proxies={'http':'ip:port'}

import requestsurl = 'https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&wd=ip'headers = {    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36'}page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,proxies={'https':'112.195.96.115:32092'}).textwith open('./ip.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:    fp.write(page_text)

对西祠代理发起一个高频的请求，使得本机ip被禁止，然后采用代理池解决代理的反爬
- url:https://www.xicidaili.com/nn/1
代理池的构建：就是一个列表，列表中存储的是字典。每一个字典存储的键值{'http':'ip:port'}

all_ips = []url = 'http://t.11jsq.com/index.php/api/entry?method=proxyServer.generate_api_url&packid=1&fa=0&fetch_key=&groupid=0&qty=30&time=1&pro=&city=&port=1&format=txt&ss=3&css=&dt=1&specialTxt=3&specialJson=&usertype=2'page_text = requests.get(url,headers=headers).texttree = etree.HTML(page_text)ip_list = tree.xpath('//body//text()')[0].split('\n')for ip in ip_list:    dic = {        'https':ip    }    all_ips.append(dic)

from lxml import etreeimport randomurl = 'https://www.xicidaili.com/nn/%d'ips = []for page in range(1,3):    new_url = format(url%page)    page_text = requests.get(new_url,headers=headers,proxies=random.choice(all_ips)).text    tree = etree.HTML(page_text)    #在xpath表达式中一定不可以出现tbody标签    tr_list = tree.xpath('//*[@id="ip_list"]//tr')[1:]    for tr in tr_list:        ip = tr.xpath('./td[2]/text()')[0]        ips.append(ip)print(len(ips))

cookie处理

https://xueqiu.com/，对雪球网中的新闻数据进行爬取
分析：
- 新闻数据是通过ajax动态加载出来的
- 捕获到ajax数据包中的url
请求头中重要的头信息
- User-Agent
- Cookie
- Referer
cookie的处理
- 手动处理
  - 将cookie作用到headers中即可
- 自动处理
  - session = requests.Session()
  - session的作用：
    - session可以像requests模块一样调用get和post进行请求发送
    - 在进行请求发送的过程中如果产生了cookie，则cookie会被自动存储到session对象中。

session = requests.Session()#第一次请求发送：为了捕获cookie且存储到session对象中first_url = 'https://xueqiu.com/'session.get(first_url,headers=headers)#第二次请求发送：携带者cookie进行的请求发送url = 'https://xueqiu.com/v4/statuses/public_timeline_by_category.json?since_id=-1&max_id=20358211&count=15&category=-1'json_data = session.get(url=url,headers=headers).json()json_data

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模拟登录

为什么需要进行模拟登录：
- 有些数据不经过登录是访问不到
验证码的处理:软件ID： 899370
- 基于线上的打码平台来实现
  - 云打码：http://www.yundama.com/about.html
  - 超级鹰：http://www.chaojiying.com/about.html
- 超级鹰的使用流程：
  - 基于用户中心的身份进行注册
  - 用户中心的身份进行登录：
    - 充值
    - 创建一个软件：软件ID-》生成软件ID
    - 下载示例代码：开发文档-》Python-》下载

import requestsfrom hashlib import md5class Chaojiying_Client(object):    def __init__(self, username, password, soft_id):        self.username = username        password =  password.encode('utf8')        self.password = md5(password).hexdigest()        self.soft_id = soft_id        self.base_params = {            'user': self.username,            'pass2': self.password,            'softid': self.soft_id,        }        self.headers = {            'Connection': 'Keep-Alive',            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0)',        }    def PostPic(self, im, codetype):        """        im: 图片字节        codetype: 题目类型 参考 http://www.chaojiying.com/price.html        """        params = {            'codetype': codetype,        }        params.update(self.base_params)        files = {'userfile': ('ccc.jpg', im)}        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/Processing.php', data=params, files=files, headers=self.headers)        return r.json()    def ReportError(self, im_id):        """        im_id:报错题目的图片ID        """        params = {            'id': im_id,        }        params.update(self.base_params)        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/ReportError.php', data=params, headers=self.headers)        return r.json()

#执行代码chaojiying = Chaojiying_Client('bobo328410948', 'bobo328410948', '899370')im = open('a.jpg', 'rb').read()print chaojiying.PostPic(im, 1902)

使用打码平台识别古诗文网中的验证码图片

#封装一个识别验证码的函数
def transformCode(imgPath,imgType):
    chaojiying = Chaojiying_Client('bobo328410948', 'bobo328410948', '899370')
    im = open(imgPath, 'rb').read()
    return chaojiying.PostPic(im, imgType)['pic_str']

url = 'https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx?from=http://so.gushiwen.org/user/collect.aspx'
page_text = requests.get(url,headers=headers).text
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
#解析到了验证码图片的地址
code_img_src = 'https://so.gushiwen.org'+tree.xpath('//*[@id="imgCode"]/@src')[0]
img_data = requests.get(code_img_src,headers=headers).content
with open('./code.jpg','wb') as fp:
    fp.write(img_data)
transformCode('./code.jpg',1902)

'uzzf'

模拟登录
- 对点击登录按钮对应的url进行请求发送
- 动态变化的请求参数：
  - 一般都会被隐藏在前台页面中
  - 基于抓包工具对请求参数的名称进行全局搜索

#处理cookie
session = requests.Session()

#获取且识别验证码
url = 'https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx?from=http://so.gushiwen.org/user/collect.aspx'
page_text = session.get(url,headers=headers).text
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
#解析到了验证码图片的地址
code_img_src = 'https://so.gushiwen.org'+tree.xpath('//*[@id="imgCode"]/@src')[0]

#解析出模拟登录请求中动态变化的两个请求参数的之
__VIEWSTATE = tree.xpath('//*[@id="__VIEWSTATE"]/@value')[0]
__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR = tree.xpath('//*[@id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR"]/@value')[0]
#对图片进行请求时捕获cookie
img_data = session.get(code_img_src,headers=headers).content
with open('./code.jpg','wb') as fp:
    fp.write(img_data)
#验证码对应的文本数据
code_text = transformCode('./code.jpg',1902)
print(code_text)

#对于登录按钮的点击进行请求发送
login_url = 'https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx?from=http%3a%2f%2fso.gushiwen.org%2fuser%2fcollect.aspx'
data = {
    '__VIEWSTATE': __VIEWSTATE,
    '__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR': __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR,
    'from': 'http://so.gushiwen.org/user/collect.aspx',
    'email': 'www.zhangbowudi@qq.com',
    'pwd': 'bobo328410948',
    'code': code_text,
    'denglu': '登录',
}
login_page_text = session.post(url=login_url,headers=headers,data=data).text
with open('./gushiwen.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:
    fp.write(login_page_text)

ivvy

总结：
- 验证码
- 动态变化的请求参数
- cookie
- 代理
- UA
- robots

来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/zhuzhizheng/p/11987908.html

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