目录
MySQL高可用 Galera Cluster
Galera Cluster
Galera Cluster:集成了Galera插件的MySQL集群,是一种新型的,数据不共享的,高度冗余的高可用方案,目前Galera Cluster有两个版本,分别是Percona Xtradb Cluster及MariaDB Cluster,Galera本身是具有多主特性的,即采用multi-master的集群架构,是一个既稳健,又在数据一致性、完整性及高性能方面有出色表现的高可用解决方案
Galera Cluster特点
• 多主架构:真正的多点读写的集群,在任何时候读写数据,都是最新的 • 同步复制:集群不同节点之间数据同步,没有延迟,在数据库挂掉之后,数据不会丢失 • 并发复制:从节点APPLY数据时,支持并行执行,更好的性能 • 故障切换:在出现数据库故障时,因支持多点写入,切换容易 • 热插拔:在服务期间,如果数据库挂了,只要监控程序发现的够快,不可服务时间就会非常少。在节点故障期间,节点本身对集群的影响非常小 • 自动节点克隆:在新增节点,或者停机维护时,增量数据或者基础数据不需要人工手动备份提供,Galera Cluster会自动拉取在线节点数据,最终集群会变为一致 • 对应用透明:集群的维护,对应用程序是透明的
只支持innodb存储引擎的表
Galera Cluster 缺点
• 由于DDL 需全局验证通过,则集群性能由集群中最差性能节点决定(一般集群节点配置都是一样的) • 新节点加入或延后较大的节点重新加入需全量拷贝数据(SST,State Snapshot Transfer),作为donor( 贡献者,如: 同步数据时的提供者)的节点在同步过程中无法提供读写 • 只支持innodb存储引擎的表
Galera Cluster工作过程
Galera Cluster官方文档
http://galeracluster.com/documentation-webpages/galera-documentation.pdf
http://galeracluster.com/documentation-webpages/index.html
https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-xtradb-cluster/LATEST/index.html
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/getting-started-with-mariadb-galera-cluster/
Galera Cluster包括两个组件
• Galera replication library (galera-3) • WSREP:MySQL extended with the Write Set Replication
WSREP复制实现
- PXC:Percona XtraDB Cluster,是Percona对Galera的实现
参考仓库:
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/percona/release/$releasever/RPMS/$basearch
- MariaDB Galera Cluster:
参考仓库:
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/mariadb/mariadb-5.5.X/yum/centos7-amd64/
注意:两者都需要至少三个节点,不能安装mysql server 或 mariadb-server
PXC 原理
PXC最常使用如下4个端口号:
• 3306:数据库对外服务的端口号 • 4444:请求SST的端口号 • 4567:组成员之间进行沟通的端口号 • 4568:用于传输IST的端口号
PXC中涉及到的重要概念和核心参数:
- 集群中节点的数量:整个集群中节点数量应该控制在最少3个、最多8个的范围内。最少3个节点是为了防止出现脑裂现象,因为只有在2个节点下才会出现此现象。脑裂现象的标志就是输入任何命令,返回的结果都是unknown command。节点在集群中,会因新节点的加入或故障、同步失效等原因发生状态的切换。
- 节点状态的变化阶段:
• open:节点启动成功,尝试连接到集群时的状态 • primary:节点已处于集群中,在新节点加入并选取donor进行数据同步时的状态 • joiner:节点处于等待接收同步文件时的状态 • joined:节点完成数据同步工作,尝试保持和集群进度一致时的状态 • synced:节点正常提供服务时的状态,表示已经同步完成并和集群进度保持一致 • donor:节点处于为新加入的节点提供全量数据时的状态
备注:donor节点就是数据的贡献者,如果一个新节点加入集群,此时又需要大量数据的SST数据传输,就有可能因此而拖垮整个集群的性能,所以在生产环境中,如果数据量较小,还可以使用SST全量数据传输,但如果数据量很大就不建议使用这种方式,可以考虑先建立主从关系,然后再加入集群。
- 节点的数据传输方式:
• SST:State Snapshot Transfer,全量数据传输 • IST:Incremental State Transfer,增量数据传输
SST数据传输有xtrabackup、mysqldump和rsync三种方式,而增量数据传输就只有一种方式xtrabackup,但生产环境中一般数据量较小时,可以使用SST全量数据传输,但也只使用xtrabackup方法。
- GCache模块:
在PXC中一个特别重要的模块,它的核心功能就是为每个节点缓存当前最新的写集。如果有新节点加入进来,就可以把新数据的增量传递给新节点,而不需要再使用SST传输方式,这样可以让节点更快地加入集群中
- 涉及如下参数:
• gcache.size:缓存写集增量信息的大小,它的默认大小是128MB,通过wsrep_provider_options参数设置,建议调整为2GB~4GB范围,足够的空间便于缓存更多的增量信息。 • gcache.mem_size:GCache中内存缓存的大小,适度调大可以提高整个集群的性能 • gcache.page_size:如果内存不够用(GCache不足),就直接将写集写入磁盘文件中
实战案例:Percona XtraDB Cluster(PXC 5.7)
环境准备
四台主机:
pxc1:192.168.39.7 pxc1:192.168.39.27 pxc1:192.168.39.37 pxc4:192.168.39.47
OS版本
[root@pxc1 ~]#cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
关闭防火墙和SELinux,保证时间同步
注意:如果已经安装MySQL,必须卸载- 安装 Percona XtraDB Cluster 5.7
- 配置yum源
[root@pxc1 ~]#vim /etc/yum.repos.d/percona_pxc.repo [percona] name=percona_repo baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/percona/release/$releasever/RPMS/$basearch enabled=1 gpgcheck=0
- 其他三台虚拟机也配置yum源
scp /etc/yum.repos.d/percona_pxc.repo 192.168.39.27:/etc/yum.repos.d/ scp /etc/yum.repos.d/percona_pxc.repo 192.168.39.37:/etc/yum.repos.d/ scp /etc/yum.repos.d/percona_pxc.repo 192.168.39.47:/etc/yum.repos.d/
- 在三个节点都安装好PXC 5.7
[root@pxc1 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y [root@pxc2 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y [root@pxc3 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y [root@pxc4 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y
- 在各个节点上分别配置mysql及集群配置文件
/etc/my.cnf为主配置文件,当前版本中,其余的配置文件都放在/etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d目录里,包括mysqld.cnf,mysqld_safe.cnf,wsrep.cnf 三个文件
#主配置文件不需要修改 [root@pxc1 ~]#cat /etc/my.cnf # # The Percona XtraDB Cluster 5.7 configuration file. # # # * IMPORTANT: Additional settings that can override those from this file! # The files must end with '.cnf', otherwise they'll be ignored. # Please make any edits and changes to the appropriate sectional files # included below. # !includedir /etc/my.cnf.d/ !includedir /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/ [root@pxc1 ~]#ls /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/ # 查看一下三个文件 mysqld.cnf mysqld_safe.cnf wsrep.cnf #下面配置文件不需要修改 [root@pxc1 ~]#cat /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/mysqld.cnf # Template my.cnf for PXC # Edit to your requirements. [client] socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock [mysqld] server-id=1 # 建议各个节点不同 datadir=/var/lib/mysql socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid log-bin # 建议启用,非必须项 log_slave_updates expire_logs_days=7 # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0 #下面配置文件不需要修改 [root@pxc1 ~]#cat /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/mysqld_safe.cnf # # The Percona Server 5.7 configuration file. # # One can use all long options that the program supports. # Run program with --help to get a list of available options and with # --print-defaults to see which it would actually understand and use. # # For explanations see # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/server-system-variables.html [mysqld_safe] pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock nice = 0 #PXC的配置文件必须修改 [mysqld] wsrep_provider=/usr/lib64/galera3/libgalera_smm.so wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://10.0.0.7,10.0.0.17,10.0.0.27 #三个节点的IP binlog_format=ROW default_storage_engine=InnoDB wsrep_slave_threads= 8 wsrep_log_conflicts innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2 wsrep_node_address=10.0.0.7 #各个节点,指定自已的IP wsrep_cluster_name=pxc-cluster # 集群名称 wsrep_node_name=pxc-cluster-node-1 #各个节点,指定自已节点名称 pxc_strict_mode=ENFORCING wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2 wsrep_sst_auth="sstuser:centos7" #取消本行注释,可以改一个自己的密码 # 根据以上修改信息所有主机都修改 [root@pxc2 ~]#vim /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/wsrep.cnf [root@pxc3 ~]#vim /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/wsrep.cnf [root@pxc1 ~]#grep -Ev "^#|^$" /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/wsrep.cnf # 通过这个命令查看配置文件 [mysqld] wsrep_provider=/usr/lib64/galera3/libgalera_smm.so wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://192.168.39.7,192.168.39.27,192.168.39.37 binlog_format=ROW default_storage_engine=InnoDB wsrep_slave_threads= 8 wsrep_log_conflicts innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2 wsrep_node_address=192.168.39.7 wsrep_cluster_name=pxc-cluster wsrep_node_name=pxc-cluster-node-1 pxc_strict_mode=ENFORCING wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2 wsrep_sst_auth="sstuser:centos7"
注意:尽管Galera Cluster不再需要通过binlog的形式进行同步,但还是建议在配置文件中开启二进制日志功能,原因是后期如果有新节点需要加入,老节点通过SST全量传输的方式向新节点传输数据,很可能会拖垮集群性能,所以让新节点先通过binlog方式完成同步后再加入集群会是一种更好的选择
- 配置文件各项配置意义
[root@pxc1 ~]#ss -ntul Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port udp UNCONN 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *%virbr0:67 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:111 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:5353 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:58153 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:812 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 :::111 :::* udp UNCONN 0 0 :::812 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6000 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:631 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::6000 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 ::1:631 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6010 :::* #启动第一人节点(第一个节点启动和别的节点启动都不一样)属于创建集群的服务器现在阶段可以理解为主服务器,但是集群做完之后就没有主从之分了都是主 [root@pxc1 ~]#systemctl start mysql@bootstrap.service [root@pxc1 ~]#ss -ntul # 以下两个端口启动起来就行了 (3306、4567) 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port udp UNCONN 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *%virbr0:67 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:111 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:5353 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:58153 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:812 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 :::111 :::* udp UNCONN 0 0 :::812 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6000 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:4567 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:631 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::6000 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 ::1:631 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6010 :::*
- 找到MySQL的临时密码,第一次登录要修改要不执行不了管理操作。
[root@centos7 ~]#grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log 2019-12-03T06:13:39.187929Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: a>#;L(Sm4Ln: [root@centos7 ~]#mysql -uroot -p'a>#;L(Sm4Ln:' # 需要加引号引起来 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 11 Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; # 执行查看库操作提示必须重置密码 ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement. # 在执行此语句之前,必须使用ALTER USER语句重置密码. mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by 'magedu'; # 修改密码(其他节点不用修改加入集群以后会自动同步密码) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> exit Bye [root@centos7 ~]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu # 修改以后重新登录 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 12 Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39 Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
- 查看变量
# 查看写集复制相关变量 mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep%'\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_OSU_method Value: TOI *************************** 2. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_RSU_commit_timeout Value: 5000 *************************** 3. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_auto_increment_control Value: ON *************************** 4. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_causal_reads Value: OFF *************************** 5. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_certification_rules Value: strict *************************** 6. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_certify_nonPK Value: ON *************************** 7. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_address Value: gcomm://192.168.39.7,192.168.39.27,192.168.39.37 *************************** 8. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_name Value: pxc-cluster *************************** 9. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_convert_LOCK_to_trx Value: OFF *************************** 10. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_data_home_dir Value: /var/lib/mysql/ *************************** 11. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_dbug_option Value: *************************** 12. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_debug Value: OFF *************************** 13. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_desync Value: OFF *************************** 14. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_dirty_reads Value: OFF *************************** 15. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_drupal_282555_workaround Value: OFF *************************** 16. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_forced_binlog_format Value: NONE *************************** 17. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_load_data_splitting Value: ON *************************** 18. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_log_conflicts Value: ON *************************** 19. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_max_ws_rows Value: 0 *************************** 20. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_max_ws_size Value: 2147483647 *************************** 21. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_node_address Value: 192.168.39.7 *************************** 22. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_node_incoming_address Value: AUTO *************************** 23. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_node_name Value: pxc-cluster-node-1 *************************** 24. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_notify_cmd Value: *************************** 25. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_on Value: ON *************************** 26. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_preordered Value: OFF *************************** 27. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_provider Value: /usr/lib64/galera3/libgalera_smm.so *************************** 28. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_provider_options Value: base_dir = /var/lib/mysql/; base_host = 192.168.39.7; base_port = 4567; cert.log_conflicts = no; cert.optimistic_pa = yes; debug = no; evs.auto_evict = 0; evs.causal_keepalive_period = PT1S; evs.debug_log_mask = 0x1; evs.delay_margin = PT1S; evs.delayed_keep_period = PT30S; evs.inactive_check_period = PT0.5S; evs.inactive_timeout = PT15S; evs.info_log_mask = 0; evs.install_timeout = PT7.5S; evs.join_retrans_period = PT1S; evs.keepalive_period = PT1S; evs.max_install_timeouts = 3; evs.send_window = 10; evs.stats_report_period = PT1M; evs.suspect_timeout = PT5S; evs.use_aggregate = true; evs.user_send_window = 4; evs.version = 0; evs.view_forget_timeout = P1D; gcache.dir = /var/lib/mysql/; gcache.freeze_purge_at_seqno = -1; gcache.keep_pages_count = 0; gcache.keep_pages_size = 0; gcache.mem_size = 0; gcache.name = /var/lib/mysql//galera.cache; gcache.page_size = 128M; gcache.recover = no; gcache.size = 128M; gcomm.thread_prio = ; gcs.fc_debug = 0; gcs.fc_factor = 1; gcs.fc_limit = 100; gcs.fc_master_slave = no; *************************** 29. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_recover Value: OFF *************************** 30. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_reject_queries Value: NONE *************************** 31. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_replicate_myisam Value: OFF *************************** 32. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_restart_slave Value: OFF *************************** 33. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_retry_autocommit Value: 1 *************************** 34. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_slave_FK_checks Value: ON *************************** 35. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_slave_UK_checks Value: OFF *************************** 36. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_slave_threads Value: 8 *************************** 37. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_sst_auth Value: ******** *************************** 38. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_sst_donor Value: *************************** 39. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_sst_donor_rejects_queries Value: OFF *************************** 40. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_sst_method Value: xtrabackup-v2 *************************** 41. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_sst_receive_address Value: AUTO *************************** 42. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_start_position Value: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000:-1 *************************** 43. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_sync_wait Value: 0 43 rows in set (0.01 sec) # 查看相关状态变量 mysql> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep%'\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_state_uuid Value: 10c3398e-1594-11ea-9f84-c2cae1c33555 *************************** 2. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_protocol_version Value: 9 *************************** 3. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_last_applied Value: 1 *************************** 4. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_last_committed Value: 1 *************************** 5. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_replicated Value: 1 *************************** 6. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_replicated_bytes Value: 232 *************************** 7. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_repl_keys Value: 1 *************************** 8. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_repl_keys_bytes Value: 32 *************************** 9. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_repl_data_bytes Value: 133 *************************** 10. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_repl_other_bytes Value: 0 *************************** 11. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_received Value: 2 *************************** 12. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_received_bytes Value: 154 *************************** 13. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_commits Value: 0 *************************** 14. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_cert_failures Value: 0 *************************** 15. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_replays Value: 0 *************************** 16. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_send_queue Value: 0 *************************** 17. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_send_queue_max Value: 1 *************************** 18. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_send_queue_min Value: 0 *************************** 19. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_send_queue_avg Value: 0.000000 *************************** 20. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_recv_queue Value: 0 *************************** 21. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_recv_queue_max Value: 2 *************************** 22. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_recv_queue_min Value: 0 *************************** 23. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_recv_queue_avg Value: 0.500000 *************************** 24. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_cached_downto Value: 1 *************************** 25. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_paused_ns Value: 0 *************************** 26. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_paused Value: 0.000000 *************************** 27. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_sent Value: 0 *************************** 28. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_recv Value: 0 *************************** 29. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_interval Value: [ 100, 100 ] *************************** 30. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_interval_low Value: 100 *************************** 31. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_interval_high Value: 100 *************************** 32. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_status Value: OFF *************************** 33. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cert_deps_distance Value: 1.000000 *************************** 34. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_apply_oooe Value: 0.000000 *************************** 35. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_apply_oool Value: 0.000000 *************************** 36. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_apply_window Value: 1.000000 *************************** 37. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_commit_oooe Value: 0.000000 *************************** 38. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_commit_oool Value: 0.000000 *************************** 39. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_commit_window Value: 1.000000 *************************** 40. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_state Value: 4 *************************** 41. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_state_comment Value: Synced *************************** 42. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cert_index_size Value: 1 *************************** 43. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cert_bucket_count Value: 22 *************************** 44. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_gcache_pool_size Value: 1592 *************************** 45. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_causal_reads Value: 0 *************************** 46. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cert_interval Value: 0.000000 *************************** 47. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_open_transactions Value: 0 *************************** 48. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_open_connections Value: 0 *************************** 49. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_ist_receive_status Value: *************************** 50. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_start Value: 0 *************************** 51. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_current Value: 0 *************************** 52. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_end Value: 0 *************************** 53. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_incoming_addresses Value: 192.168.39.7:3306 *************************** 54. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_weight Value: 1 *************************** 55. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_desync_count Value: 0 *************************** 56. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_evs_delayed Value: *************************** 57. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_evs_evict_list Value: *************************** 58. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_evs_repl_latency Value: 0/0/0/0/0 *************************** 59. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_evs_state Value: OPERATIONAL *************************** 60. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_gcomm_uuid Value: 10c2c674-1594-11ea-83fc-6e0df986585c *************************** 61. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_conf_id Value: 1 *************************** 62. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_size Value: 1 *************************** 63. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_state_uuid Value: 10c3398e-1594-11ea-9f84-c2cae1c33555 *************************** 64. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_status Value: Primary *************************** 65. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_connected Value: ON *************************** 66. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_bf_aborts Value: 0 *************************** 67. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_local_index Value: 0 *************************** 68. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_provider_name Value: Galera *************************** 69. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_provider_vendor Value: Codership Oy <info@codership.com> *************************** 70. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_provider_version Value: 3.39(rb3295e6) *************************** 71. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_ready Value: ON 71 rows in set (0.00 sec) #重点内容 mysql> SHOW STATUS like 'wsrep%'; +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | wsrep_local_state_uuid | 10c3398e-1594-11ea-9f84-c2cae1c33555 | | wsrep_protocol_version | 9 | | wsrep_last_applied | 1 | | wsrep_last_committed | 1 | | wsrep_replicated | 1 | | wsrep_replicated_bytes | 232 | | wsrep_repl_keys | 1 | | wsrep_repl_keys_bytes | 32 | | wsrep_repl_data_bytes | 133 | | wsrep_repl_other_bytes | 0 | | wsrep_received | 2 | | wsrep_received_bytes | 154 | | wsrep_local_commits | 0 | | wsrep_local_cert_failures | 0 | | wsrep_local_replays | 0 | | wsrep_local_send_queue | 0 | | wsrep_local_send_queue_max | 1 | | wsrep_local_send_queue_min | 0 | | wsrep_local_send_queue_avg | 0.000000 | | wsrep_local_recv_queue | 0 | | wsrep_local_recv_queue_max | 2 | | wsrep_local_recv_queue_min | 0 | | wsrep_local_recv_queue_avg | 0.500000 | | wsrep_local_cached_downto | 1 | | wsrep_flow_control_paused_ns | 0 | | wsrep_flow_control_paused | 0.000000 | | wsrep_flow_control_sent | 0 | | wsrep_flow_control_recv | 0 | | wsrep_flow_control_interval | [ 100, 100 ] | | wsrep_flow_control_interval_low | 100 | | wsrep_flow_control_interval_high | 100 | | wsrep_flow_control_status | OFF | | wsrep_cert_deps_distance | 1.000000 | | wsrep_apply_oooe | 0.000000 | | wsrep_apply_oool | 0.000000 | | wsrep_apply_window | 1.000000 | | wsrep_commit_oooe | 0.000000 | | wsrep_commit_oool | 0.000000 | | wsrep_commit_window | 1.000000 | | wsrep_local_state | 4 | | wsrep_local_state_comment | Synced | | wsrep_cert_index_size | 1 | | wsrep_cert_bucket_count | 22 | | wsrep_gcache_pool_size | 1592 | | wsrep_causal_reads | 0 | | wsrep_cert_interval | 0.000000 | | wsrep_open_transactions | 0 | | wsrep_open_connections | 0 | | wsrep_ist_receive_status | | | wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_start | 0 | | wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_current | 0 | | wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_end | 0 | | wsrep_incoming_addresses | 192.168.39.7:3306 | | wsrep_cluster_weight | 1 | | wsrep_desync_count | 0 | | wsrep_evs_delayed | | | wsrep_evs_evict_list | | | wsrep_evs_repl_latency | 0/0/0/0/0 | | wsrep_evs_state | OPERATIONAL | | wsrep_gcomm_uuid | 10c2c674-1594-11ea-83fc-6e0df986585c | | wsrep_cluster_conf_id | 1 | | wsrep_cluster_size | 1 | | wsrep_cluster_state_uuid | 10c3398e-1594-11ea-9f84-c2cae1c33555 | | wsrep_cluster_status | Primary | | wsrep_connected | ON | | wsrep_local_bf_aborts | 0 | | wsrep_local_index | 0 | | wsrep_provider_name | Galera | | wsrep_provider_vendor | Codership Oy <info@codership.com> | | wsrep_provider_version | 3.39(rb3295e6) | | wsrep_ready | ON | +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ 71 rows in set (0.00 sec)
说明: wsrep_cluster_size表示,该Galera集群中只有一个节点 wsrep_local_state_comment 状态为Synced(4),表示数据已同步完成(因为是第一个引导节点,无数据需要同步)。 如果状态是Joiner, 意味着 SST 没有完成. 只有所有节点状态是Synced,才可以加新节点 wsrep_cluster_status为Primary,且已经完全连接并准备好
启动PXC集群中其它所有节点
- 启动PXC集群中其它所有节点
# 启动前在第一个节点上创建一个授权账户(要不然可能别的节点没有授权数据库会起不来) mysql> GRANT RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, PROCESS, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'sstuser'@'localhost' identified by 'centos7'; # 这里授权的密码必须和配置文件里设置的密码对应,所有服务器都要一样。 Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) [root@pxc2 etc]#ss -ntl # 启动前端口情况 State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:6000 *:* LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:631 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::6000 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 128 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6010 :::* [root@pxc2 etc]#systemctl start mysql # 启动数据库 [root@pxc2 etc]#ss -ntl # 启动后 3306、4567 端口都出现了 State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:6000 *:* LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:4567 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:631 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6011 *:* LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::6000 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 128 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6011 :::* [root@pxc2 etc]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu # 登录数据库 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 11 Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39 Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> # 另一个节点一样启动 [root@pxc3 etc]#systemctl start mysql # 启动数据库 [root@pxc3 ~]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 11 Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39 Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
- 查看集群状态,验证集群是否成功
# 在任意节点,查看集群状态 mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_node_name'; +-----------------+--------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +-----------------+--------------------+ | wsrep_node_name | pxc-cluster-node-1 | +-----------------+--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'wsrep_node_address'; +--------------------+--------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+--------------+ | wsrep_node_address | 192.168.39.7 | +--------------------+--------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> show variables like 'wsrep_on'; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | wsrep_on | ON | +---------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show status like 'wsrep_cluster_size'; +--------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+-------+ | wsrep_cluster_size | 3 | +--------------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) # 在任意节点创建数据库测试(pxc2) mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_node_address'; +--------------------+---------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+---------------+ | wsrep_node_address | 192.168.39.27 | +--------------------+---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database db1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | db1 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 在pxc1上查看 mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_node_address'; +--------------------+--------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+--------------+ | wsrep_node_address | 192.168.39.7 | +--------------------+--------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | db1 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 在pxc2上查看 mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_node_address'; +--------------------+---------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+---------------+ | wsrep_node_address | 192.168.39.37 | +--------------------+---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | db1 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 两个节点都可以看到同步成功
- 测试是否有冲突问题
#利用Xshell软件,同时在三个节点数据库,在其中一个节点成功 mysql> create database db2; # 只有一个节点会成功其他节点报错不创建 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> create database db2; ERROR 1007 (HY000): Can't create database 'db2'; database exists mysql> create database db2; ERROR 1007 (HY000): Can't create database 'db2'; database exists
- PXC缺点(同时写入数据性能会有影响)
# 使用一个命令循环创建10w条记录 mysql> create table test (id int auto_increment primary key,name char(10)); delimiter ; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> delimiter $$ mysql> mysql> create procedure proc_test() -> begin -> declare i int; -> set i = 1; -> while i < 100000 -> do insert into test(name) values (concat('wang',i)); -> set i = i +1; -> end while; -> end$$ Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> delimiter ; mysql> call proc_test(); Query OK, 1 row affected (3 min 39.51 sec) # 用了39s接近40s时间才添加完成 # 使用事务方式添加记录还是很快的 mysql> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> call proc_test(); Query OK, 1 row affected (2.44 sec) mysql> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)
- 添加记录的话每个节点添加id变化
# 每个节点添加记录可重复。(是自动增长的) mysql> insert t1(name)values('mage'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from t1; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | mage | | 4 | magea | | 7 | mageb | | 10 | mage | +----+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 2 节点添加 mysql> insert t1(name)values('mage'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert t1(name)values('mage'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert t1(name)values('mage'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t1; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | mage | | 4 | magea | | 7 | mageb | | 10 | mage | | 11 | mage | | 14 | mage | | 17 | mage | +----+-------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在PXC集群中加入节点
一个节点加入到Galera集群有两种情况:新节点加入集群、暂时离组的成员再次加入集群 1)新节点加入Galera集群 新节点加入集群时,需要从当前集群中选择一个Donor节点来同步数据,也就是所谓state_snapshot_tranfer(SST)过程。SST同步数据的方式由选项wsrep_sst_method决定,一般选择的是xtrabackup。 必须注意,新节点加入Galera时,会删除新节点上所有已有数据,再通过xtrabackup(假设使用的是该方式)从Donor处完整备份所有数据进行恢复。所以,如果数据量很大,新节点加入过程会很慢。而且,在一个新节点成为Synced状态之前,不要同时加入其它新节点,否则很容易将集群压垮。如果是这种情况,可以考虑使用wsrep_sst_method=rsync来做增量同步,既然是增量同步,最好保证新节点上已经有一部分数据基础,否则和全量同步没什么区别,且这样会对Donor节点加上全局readonly锁。 2)旧节点加入Galera集群 如果旧节点加入Galera集群,说明这个节点在之前已经在Galera集群中呆过,有一部分数据基础,缺少的只是它离开集群时的数据。这时加入集群时,会采用IST(incremental snapshot transfer)传输机制,即使用增量传输。
# 同样先配置yum源 # 在安装数据库 [root@pxc4 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y # 修改配置文件 [root@pxc4 ~]#grep -Ev "^#|^$" /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/wsrep.cnf [mysqld] wsrep_provider=/usr/lib64/galera3/libgalera_smm.so wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://192.168.39.7,192.168.39.27,192.168.39.37,192.168.39.47 # 这一行添加上新节点的ip(虽然其他节点配置文件不添加也可以,但是最好都加上,比如说服务器依次关机到新添加的节点(新添加的节点留为最后的引导服务器),但是下次开机别的节点会找不到新添加的服务器,数据库就起不来了) binlog_format=ROW default_storage_engine=InnoDB wsrep_slave_threads= 8 wsrep_log_conflicts innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2 wsrep_node_address=192.168.39.47 wsrep_cluster_name=pxc-cluster wsrep_node_name=pxc-cluster-node-4 pxc_strict_mode=ENFORCING wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2 wsrep_sst_auth="sstuser:centos7" # 查看连接数以变为4个 mysql> show status like 'wsrep_cluster_size'\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_size Value: 4 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在PXC集群中修复故障节点
- 在其他节点停止服务
[root@pxc2 ~]#systemctl stop mysql [root@pxc2 ~]#systemctl status mysql ● mysql.service - Percona XtraDB Cluster Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Tue 2019-12-03 16:52:51 CST; 3min 21s ago Process: 29259 ExecStopPost=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd stop-post (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 29221 ExecStop=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd stop (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 26928 ExecStartPost=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd start-post $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 26925 ExecStart=/usr/bin/mysqld_safe --basedir=/usr (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 26853 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd start-pre (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 26925 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Dec 03 15:12:54 pxc2 mysqld_safe[26925]: 2019-12-03T07:12:54.344288Z mysqld_safe Assigning 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000:-1 to wsrep_start_position Dec 03 15:12:56 pxc2 mysql-systemd[26928]: State transfer in progress, setting sleep higher Dec 03 15:13:16 pxc2 mysql-systemd[26928]: SUCCESS! Dec 03 15:13:16 pxc2 systemd[1]: Started Percona XtraDB Cluster. Dec 03 16:52:39 centos7.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Percona XtraDB Cluster... Dec 03 16:52:39 centos7.localdomain mysql-systemd[29221]: SUCCESS! Stopping Percona XtraDB Cluster...... Dec 03 16:52:51 centos7.localdomain mysqld_safe[26925]: 2019-12-03T08:52:51.720383Z mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid ended Dec 03 16:52:51 centos7.localdomain mysql-systemd[29259]: WARNING: mysql pid file /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid empty or not readable Dec 03 16:52:51 centos7.localdomain mysql-systemd[29259]: WARNING: mysql may be already dead Dec 03 16:52:51 centos7.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped Percona XtraDB Cluster.
- 在其它任意节点查看wsrep_cluster_size变量
[root@centos7 ~]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 21 Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39 Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show status like 'wsrep_cluster_size'\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_size Value: 3 # 少了一个节点 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- 添加一个数据库查看同步情况
mysql> create database db4; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) #在其它任意节点可看到数据已同步 mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | db1 | | db2 | | db3 | | db4 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 其他节点正常同步
- 恢复服务,数据同步
[root@pxc2 ~]#systemctl start mysql [root@pxc2 ~]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 11 Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39 Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | db1 | | db2 | | db3 | | db4 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 恢复服务之后数据还是能同步的 mysql> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size'; +--------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+-------+ | wsrep_cluster_size | 4 | +--------------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
实现MariaDB Galera Cluster
#在三个节点上都实现 [root@centos8 ~]#dnf install mariadb-server-galera -y [root@centos8 ~]#vim /etc/my.cnf.d/galera.cnf # 修改配置文件 #wsrep_cluster_address="dummy://" wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://192.168.39.7,192.168.39.27,192.168.39.37" #启动第一节点 [root@centos8 ~]#galera_new_cluster #再启动其它节点 [root@centos8 ~]#systemctl start mariadb [root@centos8 ~]#ss -ntul Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port tcp LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:4567 0.0.0.0:* tcp LISTEN 0 80 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* [root@centos8 ~]#mysql Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 11 Server version: 10.3.11-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> MariaDB [(none)]> show status like "wsrep_ready"; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | wsrep_ready | ON | +---------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.001 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size'; +--------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+-------+ | wsrep_cluster_size | 3 | +--------------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.001 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_%'\G MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_%';
复制的问题和解决方案
复制的问题和解决方案: (1) 数据损坏或丢失 Master: MHA + semi repl Slave: 重新复制 (2) 混合使用存储引擎 MyISAM:不支持事务 InnoDB: 支持事务 (3) 不惟一的server id 重新复制 (4) 复制延迟 需要额外的监控工具的辅助 一从多主:mariadb10版后支持 多线程复制:对多个数据库复制
性能衡量指标
数据库服务衡量指标:
Qps:query per second Tps:transaction per second
压力测试工具
常见MySQl压力测试工具
mysqlslap Sysbench:功能强大 https://github.com/akopytov/sysbench tpcc-mysql MySQL Benchmark Suite MySQL super-smack MyBench MYSQL压力测试
mysqlslap
Mysqlslap:来自于mariadb包,测试的过程默认生成一个mysqlslap的schema,生成测试表t1,查询和插入测试数据,mysqlslap库自动生成,如果已经存在则先删除。用--only-print来打印实际的测试过程,整个测试完成后不会在数据库中留下痕迹。
- 使用格式:
mysqlslap [options]
常用参数 [options] 说明:
--auto-generate-sql, -a #自动生成测试表和数据,表示用mysqlslap工具自己生成的SQL脚本来测试 并发压力 --auto-generate-sql-load-type=type #测试语句的类型。代表要测试的环境是读操作还是写操作还 是两者混合的。取值包括:read,key,write,update和mixed(默认) --auto-generate-sql-add-auto-increment #代表对生成的表自动添加auto_increment列,从 5.1.18版本开始支持 --number-char-cols=N, -x N #自动生成的测试表中包含多少个字符类型的列,默认1 --number-int-cols=N, -y N #自动生成的测试表中包含多少个数字类型的列,默认1 --number-of-queries=N #总的测试查询次数(并发客户数×每客户查询次数) --query=name,-q #使用自定义脚本执行测试,例如可以调用自定义的存储过程或者sql语句来执行测试 --create-schema #代表自定义的测试库名称,测试的schema --commint=N #多少条DML后提交一次 --compress, -C #如服务器和客户端都支持压缩,则压缩信息 --concurrency=N, -c N #表示并发量,即模拟多少个客户端同时执行select。可指定多个值,以逗号 或者--delimiter参数指定值做为分隔符,如:--concurrency=100,200,500 --engine=engine_name, -e engine_name #代表要测试的引擎,可以有多个,用分隔符隔开。例 如:--engines=myisam,innodb --iterations=N, -i N #测试执行的迭代次数,代表要在不同并发环境下,各自运行测试多少次 --only-print #只打印测试语句而不实际执行。 --detach=N #执行N条语句后断开重连 --debug-info, -T #打印内存和CP
mysqlslap示例
#单线程测试 mysqlslap -a -uroot -pmagedu #多线程测试。使用--concurrency来模拟并发连接 mysqlslap -a -c 100 -uroot -pmagedu #迭代测试。用于需要多次执行测试得到平均值 mysqlslap -a -i 10 -uroot -pmagedu mysqlslap ---auto-generate-sql-add-autoincrement -a mysqlslap -a --auto-generate-sql-load-type=read mysqlslap -a --auto-generate-secondary-indexes=3 mysqlslap -a --auto-generate-sql-write-number=1000 mysqlslap --create-schema world -q "select count(*) from City" mysqlslap -a -e innodb -uroot -pmagedu mysqlslap -a --number-of-queries=10 -uroot -pmagedu #测试同时不同的存储引擎的性能进行对比 mysqlslap -a --concurrency=50,100 --number-of-queries 1000 --iterations=5 -- engine=myisam,innodb --debug-info -uroot -pmagedu #执行一次测试,分别50和100个并发,执行1000次总查询 mysqlslap -a --concurrency=50,100 --number-of-queries 1000 --debug-info -uroot - pmagedu #50和100个并发分别得到一次测试结果(Benchmark),并发数越多,执行完所有查询的时间越长。为了准确 起见,可以多迭代测试几次 mysqlslap -a --concurrency=50,100 --number-of-queries 1000 --iterations=5 -- debug-info -uroot -pmagedu
生产环境 my.cnf 配置案例
- 硬件:内存32G
#打开独立表空间 innodb_file_per_table = 1 #MySQL 服务所允许的同时会话数的上限,经常出现Too Many Connections的错误提示,则需要增大此值 max_connections = 8000 #所有线程所打开表的数量 open_files_limit = 10240 #back_log 是操作系统在监听队列中所能保持的连接数 back_log = 300 #每个客户端连接最大的错误允许数量,当超过该次数,MYSQL服务器将禁止此主机的连接请求,直到MYSQL 服务器重启或通过flush hosts命令清空此主机的相关信息 max_connect_errors = 1000 #每个连接传输数据大小.最大1G,须是1024的倍数,一般设为最大的BLOB的值 max_allowed_packet = 32M #指定一个请求的最大连接时间 wait_timeout = 10 # 排序缓冲被用来处理类似ORDER BY以及GROUP BY队列所引起的排序 sort_buffer_size = 16M #不带索引的全表扫描.使用的buffer的最小值 join_buffer_size = 16M #查询缓冲大小 query_cache_size = 128M #指定单个查询能够使用的缓冲区大小,缺省为1M query_cache_limit = 4M # 设定默认的事务隔离级别 transaction_isolation = REPEATABLE-READ # 线程使用的堆大小. 此值限制内存中能处理的存储过程的递归深度和SQL语句复杂性,此容量的内存在每次 连接时被预留. thread_stack = 512K # 二进制日志功能 log-bin #二进制日志格式 binlog_format=row #InnoDB使用一个缓冲池来保存索引和原始数据, 可设置这个变量到物理内存大小的80% innodb_buffer_pool_size = 24G #用来同步IO操作的IO线程的数量 innodb_file_io_threads = 4 #在InnoDb核心内的允许线程数量,建议的设置是CPU数量加上磁盘数量的两倍 innodb_thread_concurrency = 16 # 用来缓冲日志数据的缓冲区的大小 innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M 在日志组中每个日志文件的大小 innodb_log_file_size = 512M # 在日志组中的文件总数 innodb_log_files_in_group = 3 # SQL语句在被回滚前,InnoDB事务等待InnoDB行锁的时间 innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120 #慢查询时长 long_query_time = 2 #将没有使用索引的查询也记录下来 log-queries-not-using-indexes
MySQL配置最佳实践
高并发大数据的互联网业务,架构设计思路是“解放数据库CPU,将计算转移到服务层”,并发量大的情况下,这些功能很可能将数据库拖死,业务逻辑放到服务层具备更好的扩展性,能够轻易实现“增机器就加性能”
- 参考:
阿里巴巴Java开发手册
58到家数据库30条军规解读
http://zhuanlan.51cto.com/art/201702/531364.htm