问题
How does plot.lm() determine what points are outliers (that is, what points to label) for residual vs fitted plot? The only thing I found in the documentation is this:
Details
sub.caption—by default the function call—is shown as a subtitle (under the x-axis title) on each plot when plots are on separate pages, or as a subtitle in the outer margin (if any) when there are multiple plots per page.
The ‘Scale-Location’ plot, also called ‘Spread-Location’ or ‘S-L’ plot, takes the square root of the absolute residuals in order to diminish skewness (sqrt(|E|)) is much less skewed than | E | for Gaussian zero-mean E).
The ‘S-L’, the Q-Q, and the Residual-Leverage plot, use standardized residuals which have identical variance (under the hypothesis). They are given as R[i] / (s * sqrt(1 - h.ii)) where h.ii are the diagonal entries of the hat matrix, influence()$hat (see also hat), and where the Residual-Leverage plot uses standardized Pearson residuals (residuals.glm(type = "pearson")) for R[i].
The Residual-Leverage plot shows contours of equal Cook's distance, for values of cook.levels (by default 0.5 and 1) and omits cases with leverage one with a warning. If the leverages are constant (as is typically the case in a balanced aov situation) the plot uses factor level combinations instead of the leverages for the x-axis. (The factor levels are ordered by mean fitted value.)
In the Cook's distance vs leverage/(1-leverage) plot, contours of standardized residuals that are equal in magnitude are lines through the origin. The contour lines are labelled with the magnitudes.
But it says nothing about how residuals vs fitted plot was generated and how it chooses what points to label.
Update: Zheyuan Li's answer suggests that the way residual vs fitted plot labels the points is, really, simply by looking at the 3 points with largest residuals. This is indeed the case. It can be demonstrated by the following "extreme" example.
x = c(1,2,3,4,5,6)
y = c(2,4,6,8,10,12)
foo = data.frame(x,y)
model = lm(y ~ x, data = foo)
回答1:
They locate the largest 3 absolute standardised residuals. Consider this example:
fit <- lm(dist ~ speed, cars)
plot(fit, which = 1)
r <- rstandard(fit) ## get standardised residuals
order(abs(r), decreasing = TRUE)[1:3]
# [1] 49 23 35
回答2:
It's the 3 absolute highest fitted values
r <- abs(selectedMod$residuals)
order((r), decreasing = TRUE)[1:3]
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39259252/how-does-plot-lm-determine-outliers-for-residual-vs-fitted-plot