基本概念:
加密:发送方利用接受方的公钥对要发送的明文进行加密。
解密:接收方利用自己的私钥进行解密。
公钥与私钥是配对的,用公钥加密的文件,只有对应的私钥才能解密,反过来,用私钥加密,用对应的公钥进行解密。
签名:发送方用一个哈希函数从报文文本中生成报文摘要,然后用自己的私钥对摘要进行加密,得到的就是这个报文对应的数字签名,通常来说,发送方会将数字签名和报文原文一并发送接收者,方便接收者进行验签。
验签:接收方得到原始报文和数字签名后,用同一个哈希函数从报文中生成报文摘要A,另外,用发送方提供的公钥对数字签名进行解密,得到摘要B,对比A和B是否相同,就可得知报文有没有被篡改过。
公钥密码体制:
原理就是加密密钥与解密密钥分离,这样一个具体用户就可将自己设计的加密密钥和算法公诸于众,而只保密解密密钥。任何人都可利用这个加密密钥和算法向该用户发送加密信息,该用户均可通过解密密钥将之还原。公共密钥密码的优点就是不需要经安全渠道传递密钥,大大简化了密钥管理。它的算法又是也称之为公开密钥算法或简称公约算法。
公钥加密算法:
公钥加密算法中使用最广的是RSA,RSA使用两个密钥,一个公共密钥,一个专用密钥。如用其中一个加密,则可用另一个解密,密钥长度从40到2048bit可变。加密是也把明文分成快,块的大小可变,但不可能超过密钥的长度,RSA算法吧每一块明文转化为与密钥长度相同的密文块,密钥越长,加密效果越好,但加密解密的开销也大,所以在安全和性能之间折中考虑,一般64位较为合适。RSA的一个比较知名的应用是SSL,在美国和加拿大SSL用128位RSA算法,由于出口限制,在其他地区(包括中国)通用的则是40位版本。
RSA算法基于一个十分简单的数论事实:将两大素数相乘十分容易,但是想要对其乘积进行因式分解却极其困难,因此可以将乘积公开座位加密密钥。质数:又称素数,有无限个。一个大于1的自然数,除了1和它本身以外,不能被其他自然数整除。
RSA算法涉及三个参数,n、e1、e2.其中,n是两个大指数p、q的积,n的二进制表示时所占用的尾数,就是密钥长度。e1和e2是一对相关的值,e1可以随意取,但要求e1与(p-1)*(q-1)互质;再选择e2,要求(e2*e1) mod((p-1)*(q-1))=1.
其中(n,e1),(n,e2)就是密钥对,其中(n,e1)为公钥,(n,e2)为私钥。RSA加解密的算法完全相同,设A为明文,B为密文,则:A=B^e2 mod n;B=A^e1 mod n;(公钥加密机制中,一般用公钥加密,私钥解密) e1和e2可以互换使用,即:A=B^e1 mod n;B=A^e2 mod n;
eg:
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
/**
* RSA安全编码组件
*
* @author 梁栋
* @version 1.0
* @since 1.0
*/
public abstract class RSACoder extends Coder {
public static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA";
public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA";
private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey";
private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey";
/**
* 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
*
* @param data
* 加密数据
* @param privateKey
* 私钥
*
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception {
// 解密由base64编码的私钥
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey);
// 构造PKCS8EncodedKeySpec对象
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
// KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
// 取私钥匙对象
PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
signature.initSign(priKey);
signature.update(data);
return encryptBASE64(signature.sign());
}
/**
* 校验数字签名
*
* @param data
* 加密数据
* @param publicKey
* 公钥
* @param sign
* 数字签名
*
* @return 校验成功返回true 失败返回false
* @throws Exception
*
*/
public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign)
throws Exception {
// 解密由base64编码的公钥
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey);
// 构造X509EncodedKeySpec对象
X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
// KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
// 取公钥匙对象
PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);
Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
signature.initVerify(pubKey);
signature.update(data);
// 验证签名是否正常
return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign));
}
/**
* 解密<br>
* 用私钥解密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 对密钥解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得私钥
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 对数据解密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/**
* 解密<br>
* 用私钥解密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 对密钥解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得公钥
X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
// 对数据解密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/**
* 加密<br>
* 用公钥加密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 对公钥解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得公钥
X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
// 对数据加密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/**
* 加密<br>
* 用私钥加密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 对密钥解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得私钥
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 对数据加密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/**
* 取得私钥
*
* @param keyMap
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
throws Exception {
Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY);
return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
}
/**
* 取得公钥
*
* @param keyMap
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
throws Exception {
Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY);
return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
}
/**
* 初始化密钥
*
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {
KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator
.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
keyPairGen.initialize(1024);
KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
// 公钥
RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
// 私钥
RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);
keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);
return keyMap;
}
}
测试类
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Map;
/**
*
* @author 梁栋
* @version 1.0
* @since 1.0
*/
public class RSACoderTest {
private String publicKey;
private String privateKey;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSACoder.initKey();
publicKey = RSACoder.getPublicKey(keyMap);
privateKey = RSACoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap);
System.err.println("公钥: \n\r" + publicKey);
System.err.println("私钥: \n\r" + privateKey);
}
@Test
public void test() throws Exception {
System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密");
String inputStr = "abc";
byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();
byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, publicKey);
byte[] decodedData = RSACoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encodedData,
privateKey);
String outputStr = new String(decodedData);
System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);
assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
}
@Test
public void testSign() throws Exception {
System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密");
String inputStr = "sign";
byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();
byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, privateKey);
byte[] decodedData = RSACoder
.decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, publicKey);
String outputStr = new String(decodedData);
System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);
assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名");
// 产生签名
String sign = RSACoder.sign(encodedData, privateKey);
System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign);
// 验证签名
boolean status = RSACoder.verify(encodedData, publicKey, sign);
System.err.println("状态:\r" + status);
assertTrue(status);
}
}
控制台输出
公钥:
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCYU/+I0+z1aBl5X6DUUOHQ7FZpmBSDbKTtx89J
EcB64jFCkunELT8qiKly7fzEqD03g8ALlu5XvX+bBqHFy7YPJJP0ekE2X3wjUnh2NxlqpH3/B/xm
1ZdSlCwDIkbijhBVDjA/bu5BObhZqQmDwIxlQInL9oVz+o6FbAZCyHBd7wIDAQAB
私钥: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公钥加密——私钥解密
加密前: abc
解密后: abc
公钥:
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDdOj40yEB48XqWxmPILmJAc7UecIN7F32etSHF
9rwbuEh3+iTPOGSxhoSQpOED0vOb0ZIMkBXZSgsxLaBSin2RZ09YKWRjtpCA0kDkiD11gj4tzTiM
l9qq1kwSK7ZkGAgodEn3yIILVmQDuEImHOXFtulvJ71ka07u3LuwUNdB/wIDAQAB
私钥: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私钥加密——公钥解密
加密前: sign
解密后: sign
私钥签名——公钥验证签名
签名:
ud1RsIwmSC1pN22I4IXteg1VD2FbiehKUfNxgVSHzvQNIK+d20FCkHCqh9djP3h94iWnIUY0ifU+
mbJkhAl/i5krExOE0hknOnPMcEP+lZV1RbJI2zG2YooSp2XDleqrQk5e/QF2Mx0Zxt8Xsg7ucVpn
i3wwbYWs9wSzIf0UjlM=
状态:
true
来源:oschina
链接:https://my.oschina.net/u/200769/blog/801579