问题
Is there a simple way / module to correctly measure the elapsed time in python? I know that I can simply call time.time() twice and take the difference, but that will yield wrong results if the system time is changed. Granted, that doesn't happen very often, but it does indicate that I'm measuring the wrong thing.
Using time.time() to measure durations is incredibly roundabout when you think about it. You take the difference of two absolute time measurements which are in turn constructed from duration measurements (performed by timers) and known absolute times (set manually or via ntp), that you aren't interested in at all.
So, is there a way to query this "timer time" directly? I'd imagine that it can be represented as a millisecond or microsecond value that has no meaningful absolute representation (and thus doesn't need to be adjusted with system time). Looking around a bit it seems that this is exactly what System.nanoTime() does in Java, but I did not find a corresponding Python function, even though it should (hardware-technically) be easier to provide than time.time().
Edit: To avoid confusion and address the answers below: This is not about DST changes, and I don't want CPU time either - I want elapsed physical time. It doesn't need to be very fine-grained, and not even particularly accurate. It just shouldn't give me negative durations, or durations which are off by several orders of magnitude (above the granularity), just because someone decided to set the system clock to a different value. Here's what the Python docs say about 'time.time()':
"While this function normally returns non-decreasing values, it can return a lower value than a previous call if the system clock has been set back between the two calls"
This is exactly what I want to avoid, since it can lead to strange things like negative values in time calculations. I can work around this at the moment, but I believe it is a good idea to learn using the proper solutions where feasible, since the kludges will come back to bite you one day.
Edit2: Some research shows that you can get a system time independent measurement like I want in Windows by using GetTickCount64(), under Linux you can get it in the return value of times(). However, I still can't find a module which provides this functionality in Python.
回答1:
What you seem to be looking for is a monotonic timer. A monotonic time reference does not jump or go backwards.
There have been several attempts to implement a cross platform monotomic clock for Python based on the OS reference of it. (Windows, POSIX and BSD are quite different) See the discussions and some of the attempts at monotonic time in this SO post.
Mostly, you can just use os.times():
os.times()
Return a 5-tuple of floating point numbers indicating accumulated (processor or other) times, in seconds. The items are: user time, system time, children’s user time, children’s system time, and elapsed real time since a fixed point in the past, in that order. See the Unix manual page times(2) or the corresponding Windows Platform API documentation. On Windows, only the first two items are filled, the others are zero.
Availability: Unix, Windows
But that does not fill in the needed elapsed real time (the fifth tuple) on Windows.
If you need Windows support, consider ctypes and you can call GetTickCount64() directly, as has been done in this recipe.
回答2:
For measuring elapsed CPU time, look at time.clock(). This is the equivalent of Linux's times() user time field.
For benchmarking, use timeit.
The datetime module, which is part of Python 2.3+, also has microsecond time if supported by the platform.
Example:
>>> import datetime as dt
>>> n1=dt.datetime.now()
>>> n2=dt.datetime.now()
>>> (n2-n1).microseconds
678521
>>> (n2.microsecond-n1.microsecond)/1e6
0.678521
ie, it took me .678521 seconds to type the second n2= line -- slow
>>> n1.resolution
datetime.timedelta(0, 0, 1)
1/1e6 resolution is claimed.
If you are concerned about system time changes (from DS -> ST) just check the object returned by datetime.Presumably, the system time could have a small adjustment from an NTP reference adjustment. This should be slewed, and corrections are applied gradually, but ntp sync beats can have an effect with very small (millisec or microsec) time references.
You can also reference Alex Martelli's C function if you want something of that resolution. I would not go too far to reinvent the wheel. Accurate time is basic and most modern OS's do a pretty good job.
Edit
Based on your clarifications, it sounds like you need a simple side check if the system's clock has changed. Just compare to a friendly, local ntp server:
import socket
import struct
import time
ntp="pool.ntp.org" # or whatever ntp server you have handy
client = socket.socket( socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM )
data = '\x1b' + 47 * '\0'
client.sendto( data, ( ntp, 123 ))
data, address = client.recvfrom( 1024 )
if data:
print 'Response received from:', address
t = struct.unpack( '!12I', data )[10]
t -= 2208988800L #seconds since Epoch
print '\tTime=%s' % time.ctime(t)
NTP is accurate to milliseconds over the Internet and has representation resolution of resolution of 2−32 seconds (233 picoseconds). Should be good enough?
Be aware that the NTP 64 bit data structure will overflow in 2036 and every 136 years thereafter -- if you really want a robust solution, better check for overflow...
回答3:
Python 3.3 added a monotonic timer into the standard library, which does exactly what I was looking for. Thanks to Paddy3118 for pointing this out in "How do I get monotonic time durations in python?".
回答4:
>>> import datetime
>>> t1=datetime.datetime.utcnow()
>>> t2=datetime.datetime.utcnow()
>>> t2-t1
datetime.timedelta(0, 8, 600000)
Using UTC avoids those embarassing periods when the clock shifts due to daylight saving time.
As for using an alternate method rather than subtracting two clocks, be aware that the OS does actually contain a clock which is initialized from a hardware clock in the PC. Modern OS implementations will also keep that clock synchronized with some official source so that it doesn't drift. This is much more accurate than any interval timer the PC might be running.
回答5:
The example functions you state in your edit are two completely different things:
- Linux times() returns process times in CPU milliseconds. Python's equivalent is time.clock() or
os.times(). - Windows GetTickCount64() returns system uptime.
Although two different functions, both (potentially) could be used to reveal a system clock that had a "burp" with these methods:
First:
You could take both a system time with time.time() and a CPU time with time.clock(). Since wall clock time will ALWAYS be greater than or equal to CPU time, discard any measurements where the interval between the two time.time() readings is less than the paired time.clock() check readings.
Example:
t1=time.time()
t1check=time.clock()
# your timed event...
t2=time.time()
t2check=time.clock()
if t2-t1 < t2check - t1check:
print "Things are rotten in Denmark"
# discard that sample
else:
# do what you do with t2 - t1...
Second:
Getting system uptime is also promising if you are concerned about the system's clock, since a user reset does not reset the uptime tick count in most cases. (that I am aware of...)
Now the harder question: getting system uptime in a platform independent way -- especially without spawning a new shell -- at the sub second accuracy. Hmmm...
Probably the best bet is psutil. Browsing the source, they use uptime = GetTickCount() / 1000.00f; for Windows and sysctl "kern.boottime" for BSD / OS X, etc. Unfortunately, these are all 1 second resolution.
回答6:
from datetime import datetime
start = datetime.now()
print 'hello'
end = datetime.now()
delta = end-start
print type(delta)
<type 'datetime.timedelta'>
import datetime
help(datetime.timedelta)
...elapsed seconds and microseconds...
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7421641/measuring-elapsed-time-in-python