第一部分 问题
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前后端分离?
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vue.js
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后端给前段返回json数据
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移动端盛行。
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app
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后端给app返回json数据
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PC端应用?
crm项目,前段后端一起写,运行在浏览器上。 一般情况下都是PC端使用。
第二部分 任务
以前的我们 :
http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/get/http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/add/http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/update/http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/delete/
现在的我们:要遵循restful规范
http://127.0.0.1:8000/info/ get,获取数据 post,添加 put,更新 delete,删除
基于django可以实现遵循restful规范的接口开发:
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FBV,可以实现比较麻烦。
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CBV,相比较简答根据method做的了不同的区分。
第三部分 初识drf
3.1 安装
pip3 install djangorestframework
3.2 使用
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注册app
INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'rest_framework']
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写路由
from django.conf.urls import urlfrom django.contrib import adminfrom api import viewsurlpatterns = [ url(r'^drf/info/', views.DrfInfoView.as_view()),]
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写视图
from rest_framework.views import APIViewfrom rest_framework.response import Responseclass DrfInfoView(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): data = [ {'id': 1, 'title': '震惊了...王阳居然...', 'content': '...'}, {'id': 2, 'title': '震惊了...王阳居然...', 'content': '...'}, {'id': 3, 'title': '震惊了...王阳居然...', 'content': '...'}, {'id': 4, 'title': '震惊了...王阳居然...', 'content': '...'}, ] return Response(data)
DRF的应用场景
以后在公司参与前后端分离项目、参与为app写接口时,用drf会比较方便。
总结
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restful规范
1.给别人提供一个URL,根据URL请求方式的不同,做不同操作。 get,获取 post,增加 put,全部更新 patch,局部更新 delete,删除2.数据传输基于json格式。
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drf框架
不基于drf也可以实现restful规范来开发接口程序。使用了drf之后,可以快速帮我们开发restful规范来开发接口。
第四部分
4.1 创建程序并初始化数据库
4.2 接口:实现访问接口时,创建一个文章类型
from django.conf.urls import urlfrom django.contrib import adminfrom api import viewsurlpatterns = [ url(r'^drf/category/', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),]
from rest_framework.views import APIViewfrom rest_framework.response import Responseclass DrfCategoryView(APIView): pass
假设:我是前段,你是后端。
开发完毕之后告诉前端:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/drf/category/
用工具模拟前端发请求:postman
x-www-urlencoded
request.body: name=alex&age=19&gender=12request.POST: {'name': ['alex'], 'age': ['19'], 'gender': ['12']}
json
request.body: b'{"ID":1,"name":"Alex","age":19}'request.POST: 没有值
参考答案
from django.conf.urls import urlfrom django.contrib import adminfrom api import viewsurlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^info/', views.InfoView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/info/', views.DrfInfoView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/category/', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),]
from api import modelsclass DrfCategoryView(APIView): def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """增加一条分类信息""" models.Category.objects.create(**request.data) return Response('成功')
4.3 接口:获取所有文章类型
from api import modelsclass DrfCategoryView(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """获取所有文章分类""" queryset = models.Category.objects.all().values('id','name') data_list = list(queryset) return Response(data_list) def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """增加一条分类信息""" models.Category.objects.create(**request.data) return Response('成功')
4.4 接口:获取一条文章类型的详细信息
from django.conf.urls import urlfrom django.contrib import adminfrom api import viewsurlpatterns = [ url(r'^drf/category/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/category/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),]
from api import modelsfrom django.forms.models import model_to_dictclass DrfCategoryView(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """获取所有文章分类/单个文章分类""" pk = kwargs.get('pk') if not pk: queryset = models.Category.objects.all().values('id','name') data_list = list(queryset) return Response(data_list) else: category_object = models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).first() data = model_to_dict(category_object) return Response(data) def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """增加一条分类信息""" models.Category.objects.create(**request.data) return Response('成功')
4.5 接口:文章分类的更新和删除
from django.conf.urls import urlfrom django.contrib import adminfrom api import viewsurlpatterns = [ url(r'^drf/category/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/category/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()),]
from api import modelsfrom django.forms.models import model_to_dictclass DrfCategoryView(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """获取所有文章分类/单个文章分类""" pk = kwargs.get('pk') if not pk: queryset = models.Category.objects.all().values('id','name') data_list = list(queryset) return Response(data_list) else: category_object = models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).first() data = model_to_dict(category_object) return Response(data) def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """增加一条分类信息""" models.Category.objects.create(**request.data) return Response('成功') def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """删除""" pk = kwargs.get('pk') models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).delete() return Response('删除成功') def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """更新""" pk = kwargs.get('pk') models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).update(**request.data) return Response('更新成功')
第五部分 drf的序列化
drf的 serializers帮助我们提供了
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数据校验
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序列化
from django.conf.urls import urlfrom django.contrib import adminfrom api import viewsurlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^info/$', views.InfoView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/info/$', views.DrfInfoView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/category/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/category/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()), url(r'^new/category/$', views.NewCategoryView.as_view()), url(r'^new/category/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.NewCategoryView.as_view()),]
from rest_framework import serializersclass NewCategorySerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Category # fields = "__all__" fields = ['id','name']class NewCategoryView(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if not pk: queryset = models.Category.objects.all() ser = NewCategorySerializer(instance=queryset,many=True) return Response(ser.data) else: model_object = models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).first() ser = NewCategorySerializer(instance=model_object, many=False) return Response(ser.data) def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): ser = NewCategorySerializer(data=request.data) if ser.is_valid(): ser.save() return Response(ser.data) return Response(ser.errors) def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') category_object = models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).first() ser = NewCategorySerializer(instance=category_object,data=request.data) if ser.is_valid(): ser.save() return Response(ser.data) return Response(ser.errors) def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') models.Category.objects.filter(id=pk).delete() return Response('删除成功')
总结
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什么是前后端分离?
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drf组件
帮助们在django框架基础上快速搭建遵循restful规范接口的程序。
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drf组件的功能
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解析器,解析请求体中的数据,将其变成我们想要的格式。request.data
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序列化,对对象或对象列表(queryset)进行序列化操作以及表单验证的功能。
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视图,继承APIView(在内部apiview继承了django的View)
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postman
模拟浏览器进行发送请求
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查找模板的顺序
优先根目录下:templates根据app的注册顺序去每个app的templates目录中找。
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在URL的最后添加终止符
作业:对文章表做增删改查
from django.conf.urls import urlfrom django.contrib import adminfrom api import viewsurlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^info/$', views.InfoView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/info/$', views.DrfInfoView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/category/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/category/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.DrfCategoryView.as_view()), url(r'^new/category/$', views.NewCategoryView.as_view()), url(r'^new/category/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.NewCategoryView.as_view()), # get获取列表 # post增加数据 url(r'^drf/article/$', views.ArticleView.as_view()), url(r'^drf/article/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.ArticleView.as_view()),]
class ArticleView(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if not pk: queryset = models.Article.objects.all() ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(instance=queryset,many=True) return Response(ser.data) article_object = models.Article.objects.filter(id=pk).first() ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(instance=article_object, many=False) return Response(ser.data) def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(data=request.data) if ser.is_valid(): ser.save() return Response(ser.data) return Response(ser.errors) def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """全部更新""" pk = kwargs.get('pk') article_object = models.Article.objects.filter(id=pk).first() ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(instance=article_object,data=request.data) if ser.is_valid(): ser.save() return Response(ser.data) return Response(ser.errors) def patch(self,request,*args,**kwargs): """局部""" pk = kwargs.get('pk') article_object = models.Article.objects.filter(id=pk).first() ser = serializer.ArticleSerializer(instance=article_object, data=request.data,partial=True) if ser.is_valid(): ser.save() return Response(ser.data) return Response(ser.errors) def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') models.Article.objects.filter(id=pk).delete() return Response('删除成功')
from rest_framework import serializersfrom api import modelsclass ArticleSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): category_txt = serializers.CharField(source='category.name',required=False) x1 = serializers.SerializerMethodField() status_txt = serializers.CharField(source='get_status_display',required=False) x2 = serializers.SerializerMethodField() class Meta: model = models.Article # fields = "__all__" fields = ['id','title','summary','content','category','category_txt','x1','status','status_txt','x2'] # depth = 1 def get_x1(self,obj): return obj.category.name def get_x2(self,obj): return obj.get_status_display()