English-Phonics
1. 音节 1.1 字组 1.2 音节概述及分类 1.3 音节的划分 2. 元音字组的自然发音 2.1 元音字母 2.2 元音字母的长音 2.3 元音字母+r 2.4 元音字母+re 2.5 元字组oo 2.6 元字组oi, oy 几乎没有例外 2.7 元字组al, au, aw, ough 2.8 元字组ou, ow 几乎没有例外 2.9 元字组ue, ui, ew 遇上r,s,l 2.10 元字组简表 3. 辅音子组的自然发音 3.1 辅音字母 3.1.1 成对的有声无声子音bp,dt,gk,vf,zs 3.1.2 不会出现在字尾的子音h,q,j,y,w 3.1.3 字首字尾写法相同，读音不同的l,m,n,r 3.1.4 善变的c,g(e,i,y前) 3.1.5 当k,p,t遇到了s,(g,b,d) 3.2 辅音字母组合 3.2.1 -l(通常在字首), -r 3.2.2 常见的-h和s- 3.2.3 其他辅音字母组合 3.2.4 一些常见后缀的发音(以下通常为名词后缀) 3.2.5 还有些比例较低的字组
1. 音节
1.1 字组
字组 即 字母组合
单词由音节组成，音节由(字母，字组...)组成；
这里的字组的概念是一个字组对因一个最小发音单位，即音素。
比如单个字母: p 通常发音为 [p] ; f 通常发音为 [f];
而字母组合 ph 通常发音为 [f];
所以单词里遇到ph连在一起，划分音节时，把它看成最小单位，不能拆分。
1.2 音节概述及分类
音节: 以元音为核心构成的发音单位。这里的元音指元音音素，(对应单词里发音的元音字母或元音字组)
音节又分为:
- 开音节: (发长音)
- 绝对开音节: 元音字母后面没有辅音字母,I;go;we;me;my...
- 相对开音节: 元音字母+辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的字母e。
- 闭音节: (发短音) 元音字母后面有辅音字母(r除外)时，这个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节
还有些特殊的音节: 在美式英语中会含有r的儿话音，在英式英语中没有。
-r音节 和 -re音节
1.3 音节的划分
- 数元字组的个数，有多少个元音字组就有多少个音节；
- 以元字组为核心划分音节；
- 元字组跟前面的辅音字母或辅音字组一起发音；
- 剩下的辅音字母或字母组合由最近的元字组接收；
2. 元音字组的自然发音
2.1 元音字母
| 元音字母 | 轻读 | 重读 | |||||
| 多音节单词中 非重读时 |
闭音节中 读短音 |
开音节中 读长音(字母音) | |||||
| 长音 | 相对开音节 | 绝对开音节 | |||||
| A a | [ə] | about, | [æ] | apple, cat | [e] | make, take | |
| E e | [ə] | [ɛ] | best, get | [i] | eve, these | she, he | |
| I i | [ə] | [I] | big, him | [aɪ] | five, tide | I | |
| O o | [ə] | [ɑ] | hot, dog | [o] | hope, nose | go | |
| U u | [ə] | [ʌ] | much, bus | [u] | cute, tube | ||
| Y y | Y充当母音时同字母I,但没有弱读; | my, why | |||||
2.2 元音字母的长音
| 长音 | 元字组 | 例如: | 备注 |
| A a [e] |
...a-e | cake, take, gate | 即相对开音节 |
| ...ai… | pail, rail, mail | ||
| ...ay… | play, say, pay | ||
| E e [I] |
...e-e | eve, these, Pete | 即相对开音节 |
| ...ee… | sleep, sheep, seek | ||
| ...ea… | read, flea, weak | [e] | |
| ...e | she, we, he | 即绝对开音节 | |
| I i [aɪ] |
...i-e | tide, kite, five | 即相对开音节 |
| ...ie… | tie, pie, die | ||
| ...igh… | high, light, night | ||
| O o [o] |
...o-e | coke, hope, nose | 即相对开音节 |
| ...oa… | coat, goat, soap | ||
| ...ow… | follow, snow, tow | ||
| U u [ju] /[u] |
...u-e | cute, tube, rude | 即相对开音节 |
| ...ue… | due, true, blue | ||
| ...ui… | fruit, juice, cruise | ||
| ...ew… | new, few, flew | ||
| 注 | u的字母组合一般发长音[ju], 但在l,r,j后通常发[u]. | ||
2.3 元音字母+r
| 字组 | 非重音 | 重音节 | |||
| 轻音 | 例如: | DJ | KK | 例如: | |
| ar | [ɚ] | [ɑ:] | [ɑr] [ɝ] |
far, jar, bar, art, dark, hard. | |
| er | [ɚ] | worker | [ɜ:] | [ɝ] | her |
| ir | [ɚ] | [ɜ:] | [ɝ] | bird | |
| or | [ɚ] | doctor | [ɔ:] | [ɔr] [ɝ] |
corn, fork, torn, lord, horn, born. work, dorth, worst, word |
| ur | [ɚ] | [ɜ:] | [ɝ] | hurt | |
| 美式KK卷舌, 英国的DJ发音，没有(r)卷舌音; er 常出现在多音节的轻音节; ir, ur 有许多单音节的字. |
|||||
2.4 元音字母+re
| 元字组 | DJ | KK | 例如: |
| are | [eə] | [ɛr] | care, dare, hare, share |
| ere | [ɪə] [eə] |
[ɪr] [ɛr] |
here, mere, there, where |
| ire | [aɪə] | [aɪər] | fire, tire, hire, wire |
| ore | [ɔ:] | [ɔr] | more, store, sore, |
| ure | [jʊə] [ʊə] |
[jʊr] [ʊr] |
pure, cure, endure, sure |
2.5 元字组oo
| 短音 | [ʊ] | -oot | foot, |
| -ood | good, | ||
| -ook | book, cook, took, look | ||
| 长音 | [u] | food, boot, hoop, poor, choose, tooth, spoon, shoot, room, moon, noon |
|
| 例外 | [ɔ] | door, floor | |
2.6 元字组oi, oy 几乎没有例外
| ..oi.. | [ɔɪ] | boil, foil, choice, Point, coin, noise |
| ..oy | [ɔɪ] | joy, boy |
2.7 元字组al, au, aw, ough
[ɔ]: al, au, aw, ough
al的例外:
[ɔl] always,already,salt;
[æl] alphabet
ou, ow: 外来词: /aʊ/
...ou…[ʊ]
[ʊ]: could, 可以(过去式); would, 将(过去式); should, 应该;
| ought,augh常在过去式中 | ough的例外 [f], [u] | ||||
| fought | [fɔt] | 打架 | tough | [tʌf] | 坚韧的 |
| tought | [tɔt] | 教 | rough | [rʌf] | 难受的 |
| thought | [θɔt] | 想 | enough | [i'nʌf] | 足够的 |
| bought | [bɔt] | 买 | cough | [kɔf] | 咳嗽 |
| brought | [brɔt] | 带来 | through | [θru] | 穿过,通过 |
though[ðoʊ]虽然
bough[baʊ]树枝
hiccough[ˈhɪkʌp]
slough[slaʊ]泥沼
lough[lɒk]湖
2.8 元字组ou, ow 几乎没有例外
字组短音长音
ou[ʌ][aʊ]
ow[o][aʊ]
| ...ou… | [aʊ] | ...ou… | [ʌ] | ...ow… | [aʊ] | |||
| ouch | [aʊtʃ] | n.哎呦 | touch | [tʌtʃ] | v.触摸 | bow | [baʊ] | v.鞠躬 |
| proud | [praʊd] | adj.骄傲的 | young | [jʌŋ] | adj.年轻的 | vow | [vaʊ] | v.发誓 |
| hour | [aʊr] | n.小时 | double | [‘dʌbl] | adj.双倍的 | clown | [kaʊn] | n.小丑 |
| about | [ə‘baʊt] | prep.关于 | trouble | [‘trʌb!] | n.麻烦 | shower | [‘ʃaʊɚ] | n.冲澡 |
| amount | [ə‘maʊnt] | n.总数 | country | [‘kʌntrɪ] | n.国家 | power | [‘paʊɚ] | n.力量 |
| discount | [‘dɪskaʊnt] | n.折扣 | enough | [ə‘nʌf] [i‘nʌf] | adj.足够的 | coward | [‘kaʊɚd] | n.懦夫 |
| count | [kaʊnt] | v.数 | southern | [‘sʌ ðɚn] | adj.南方的 | crowd | [craʊd] | n.群众 |
| house | [haʊs] | n.房子 | cousin | [‘kʌ zn] | n.表,堂兄妹 | down | [daʊn] | prep.下 |
| couch | [kaʊtʃ] | n.沙发 | town | [taʊn] | n.城镇 |
2.9 元字组ue, ui, ew 遇上r,s,l
| [u] | _ue | _ui.. | _ew |
| r__ | 'true [tru] | fruit [frut] | drew, grew |
| s__ | suit [sut] | ||
| l__ | blue, clue, glue | flew [flu] |
2.10 元字组简表
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)
| ↓+ → | ⟨...e⟩ | ⟨...i⟩ ¦ ⟨...y⟩ | ⟨...u⟩ ¦ ⟨...w⟩ | ⟨...a⟩ | ⟨...o⟩ |
| ⟨o...⟩ | ⟨oe¦œ⟩ > ⟨e⟩ – /i/ | ⟨oi¦oy⟩ – /ɔɪ/ | ⟨ou¦ow⟩ – /aʊ¦uː¦oʊ/ | ⟨oa⟩ – /oʊ¦ɔː/ | ⟨oo⟩ – /uː¦ʊ(¦ʌ)/ |
| ⟨a...⟩ | ⟨ae¦æ⟩ > ⟨e⟩ – /i/ | ⟨ai¦ay⟩ – /eɪ¦ɛ/ | ⟨au¦aw⟩ – /ɔː/ (外来词: /aʊ/ ) |
(外来词和专有名词: ⟨aa⟩ – /ə¦ɔː¦ɔl/ ) | (中国味): ⟨ao⟩ – /aʊ/ ) |
| ⟨e...⟩ | ⟨ee⟩ – /iː/ | ⟨ei¦ey⟩ – /aɪ¦eɪ¦(iː)/ | ⟨eu¦ew⟩ – /juː¦uː/ | ⟨ea⟩ – /iː¦ɛ¦(eɪ¦ɪə)/ | |
| ⟨u...⟩ | ⟨ue⟩ – /uː¦u/ | ⟨ui⟩ – /ɪ¦uː/ | |||
| ⟨i...⟩ | ⟨ie⟩ – /iː(¦aɪ)/ |
- [ə], [ɚ], 一定是非重读. 比如:[ə'bɔrd], ['sɪstɚ]
- [ɝ]则是重读。比如: work, dorth, worst, word
现在一些词典已经不对这两个音区分了, 不论是[ɝ]还是[ɚ], 都统一写作[ər], 即[ə]后边加上一个卷舌, 比如牛津美式词典就是如此
3. 辅音子组的自然发音
3.1 辅音字母
3.1.1 成对的有声无声子音bp,dt,gk,vf,zs
| 字母 | 无声 | 有声 | 例如 |
| B | [b] | boy, bus, ball | |
| P | [p] | pig, panda | |
| D | [d] | duck, dog | |
| T | [t] | tea, tiger, train | |
| G | [g] | green, grass, | |
| C | [k] | cake, cat, car | |
| K | [k] | king, kind | |
| V | [v] | Vulture, five | |
| F | [f] | fish, fox, frog | |
| Z | [z] | zebro, zoo, zero | |
| S | [s] | snake, ship | |
| X | [ks] | box, ox |
3.1.2 不会出现在字尾的子音h,q,j,y,w
| 字母 | 音素 | 字首 |
| H | [h] | hot |
| Qu | [kw] | queen |
| J | [dʒ] | juice |
| Y | [j] | yellow |
| W | [w] | water |
3.1.3 字首字尾写法相同，读音不同的l,m,n,r
| 字母 | 音素 | 字首 | 字尾 |
| L | 乐... [l] ...嗷 | lemon | Ball |
| M | 么... [m] ...嗯 | Magic | Dream |
| N | 呢... [n] ...嗯 | nut | Sun |
| R | 若... [r] ...尔 | Radio | Bear |
3.1.4 善变的c,g(e,i,y前)
| 字母 | 条件 | 音素 | 例如 |
| c | e | [s] | cent, face, rice |
| i | [s] | city, circle, pencil | |
| y | [s] | cycle, bicycle, | |
| g | e | [dʒ] | page, cage, large |
| i | [dʒ] | giant, giraffe, | |
| y | [dʒ] | gym, |
3.1.5 当k,p,t遇到了s,(g,b,d)
| 条件 | 字母 | 音素 | 例如 | 实发音 |
| s | k | [k] | sky, skip, skirt | [g] |
| p | [p] | spring, speed, spot | [b] | |
| t | [t] | still, stand, start | [d] | |
| s,与 k,p,t都是无声，连起来要将后面的无声kpt,发音为对应的有声gbd。 | ||||
3.2 辅音字母组合
| ~l | ~r | ~h | s~ | 其他 | 特殊 | |
| b | bl | br | ||||
| c | cl | cr | ch | sc | -ck | ci |
| d | dr- | -ds | ||||
| f | fl | fr | ||||
| g | gl | gr | gh | |||
| k | sk | kn- | ||||
| n | sn | -ng | ||||
| p | pl | pr | ph | sp | qu- | |
| r | rh | su | ||||
| s | sl | sh | ||||
| t | tr- | th | st | -ts | ti | |
| w | wr- | wh | sw | |||
| z | zh |
~l, ~r, ~h, s~组合较多,
j, v, x貌似没有字母组合.
3.2.1 -l(通常在字首), -r
dr-[dr] drink
tr-[tr] tree
wr-[r] write
3.2.2 常见的-h和s-
| ~h | 无声 | 有声 | 比如 | 备注 |
| ch | [tʃ] | church, check | (tch) | |
| [k] | christ | (希腊味) | ||
| [ʃ] | champagne | (法国味) | ||
| gh | [ɡ]-- | ghost | 字首 | |
| --[f] | enough, gragh | 字尾 | ||
| silent | sigh | 不发音 | ||
| ph | [f] | siphon, photo | ||
| rh | [r] | rhythm | (Greek) | |
| sh | [ʃ] | sheep, ship | ||
| th | [θ] | thin, think | ||
| [ð] | this, then | |||
| wh | [hw] | which | ||
| [w] | while | |||
| [h] | who, whole | 后跟{o} | ||
| zh | [ʒ] |
| s~ | 音素 | 比如 | 备注 |
| sc | [s] | scene | ⟨e/i⟩前 |
| [ʃ] | conscious | ||
| sk | [sk] | sky | 发音{sg} |
| sn | |||
| sp | [sp] | speed | 发音{sb} |
| st | [st] | stand | 发音{sd} |
| sw |
| th [θ] | th [ð] | ||
| thank [θæŋk] | v.感谢 | these [ðiz] | 这些 |
| thick [θɪk] | adj.厚的 | though [ðo] | 尽管 |
| month [mʌnθ] | n.月份 | They [ðe] | 他们 |
| length [lɛŋθ] | n.长度 | there [ðɛr] | 在哪里 |
| health [hɛlθ] | n.健康 | ||
| breath [brɛθ] | n.气息 | ||
| breathe [briθ] | v.呼吸 |
| ch [tʃ] | ch [ʃ] 法国味 | ||
| change [tʃendʒ] | n.零钱,v.改变 | chef [ʃɛf] | n.主厨 |
| choose [tʃuz] | n.选择 | Cliche [kli’ʃe] | n.陈腔滥调 |
| speech [spitʃ] | n.演讲 | machine [mə’ʃin] | n.机器 |
| chat [tʃæt] | n.聊天 | mustache [‘mʌstæʃ] | n.八字胡 |
| lunch [lʌntʃ] | n.午餐 | champagne [ʃæm’pen] | n.香槟 |
| peach [pitʃ] | n.桃子 | ||
| beach [bitʃ] | n.海滩 | ch [k] 希腊味 | |
| each [itʃ] | adv.各个 | ache [ek] | n.疼痛 |
| anchor [‘æŋkɚ] | n. | ||
| ...tch, t不发音 [tʃ] | chemistry [‘kɛmɪstrɪ] | n.化学 | |
| match [mætʃ] | n.配对 | stomach [‘stʌmək] | n.胃 |
| stretch [strɛtʃ] | v.伸展 | technology [tɛk’nalədʒɪ] | n.科技 |
| kitchen [‘kɪtʃɪn] | n.厨房 |
3.2.3 其他辅音字母组合
| 其他 | 音素 | 比如 | 备注 |
| -ds | [ds] | birds, hands, needs | 自 |
| -ts | [ts] | hats, students, its | 此 |
| -ck | [k] | check | |
| kn- | [n] | know | |
| -ng | [ŋ] | thing, king |
| 特别 | 音素 | 比如 | 备注 |
| ci | [ʃ] | facial, artificial | 元音之前 |
| [si] | fancier, icier | ||
| [sɪ] | acid, rancid | ||
| ti | [ʃ] -tion | education | -tion. 单词中,元音前 |
| qu- | [kw] | quick | |
| su | [ʒ] | usually |
这里的ci,ti,qu,su包含元音字母i,u，但组合后发音为辅音。
3.2.4 一些常见后缀的发音(以下通常为名词后缀)
| ...tion | [ʃən] | action, station, nation |
| ...ssion | [ʃən] | depression, admission, |
| ...cian | [ʃən] | musician, physician, technician |
| ...stion | [tʃən] | question, |
| ...sion | [ʒən] | vision, decision, inclusion |
| ...sure | [ʒɚ] | leisure, measure, pleasure |
| ...ture | [tʃɚ] | picture, nature, future |
3.2.5 还有些比例较低的字组
-dge, gu-, nd, thr, -mn, mp,
scr, shr, sm, spr, squ, str,