Everyone's using patterns all the time. They just might not know it. Even a simple thing like 'iterate over a list' is a pattern.
I think the best way to incorporate patterns into your work cycle, is just to use them, and to refer to them by name when discussing them and when commenting your code. Hopefully, this will result in a spread of knowledge.
So, say for example, you've spotted that what your doing is a great fit for Observer. You say to your colleague "Hey, this will be really easy to do if we make this object an Observer, and this object its subject."
Either your colleague will understand right away -- that's patterns saving you time -- or you get to educate them, and next time you mention Observer they'll understand right away.
And at the same time, you're spreading the knowledge, and they'll spot opportunities to use the new patterns they've learned from you. This goes both ways of course. Next time it might be them teaching you a new pattern.
All of this does rely on your colleague not being the type who nods and pretends to understand something when they don't. You do need them to say "Hey, you mentioned Observer, I don't think I know what that is."