C# - anonymous functions and event handlers

Question

I have the following code:

public List FindStepsByType(IWFResource res)  
{  
    List retval = new List&         


        

Answer 1

No, it will not be removed automatically. In this sense, there's not a difference between an anonymous method and a "normal" method. If you want, you should manually unsubscribe from the event.

Actually, it'll capture other variables (e.g. res in your example) and keep them alive (prevents garbage collector from collecting them) too.

Answer 2

Below is approach about how unsubscribe event in anonymous method:

DispatcherTimer _timer = new DispatcherTimer();
_timer.Interval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1000);
EventHandler handler = null;

int i = 0;

_timer.Tick += handler = new EventHandler(delegate(object s, EventArgs ev)
{
    i++;
    if(i==10)
        _timer.Tick -= handler;
});

_timer.Start();

Answer 3

Your code has a few problems (some you and others have identified):

• The anonymous delegate cannot be removed from the event as coded.
• The anonymous delegate will live longer than the life of the method calling it because you've added it to FoundStep which is a member of this.
• Every entry into FindStepsByType adds another anonymous delegate to FoundStep.
• The anonymous delegate is a closure and effectively extends the lifetime of retval, so even if you stop referencing retval elsewhere in your code, it's still held by the anonymous delegate.

To fix this, and still use an anonymous delegate, assign it to a local variable, and then remove the handler inside a finally block (necessary in case the handler throws an exception):

  public List<IWFResourceInstance> FindStepsByType(IWFResource res)
  {
     List<IWFResourceInstance> retval = new List<IWFResourceInstance>();
     EventHandler<WalkerStepEventArgs> handler = (sender, e) =>
     {
        if (e.Step.ResourceType == res) retval.Add(e.Step);
     };

     this.FoundStep += handler;

     try
     {
        this.Start();
     }
     finally
     {
        this.FoundStep -= handler;
     }

     return retval;
  }

With C# 7.0+ you can replace the anonymous delegate with a local function, achieving the same effect:

    public List<IWFResourceInstance> FindStepsByType(IWFResource res)
    {
        var retval = new List<IWFResourceInstance>();

        void Handler(object sender, WalkerStepEventArgs e)
        {
            if (e.Step.ResourceType == res) retval.Add(e.Step);
        }

        FoundStep += Handler;

        try
        {
            this.Start();
        }
        finally
        {
            FoundStep -= Handler;
        }

        return retval;
    }

Answer 4

When using an anonymous delegate (or a lambda expression) to subscribe to an event does not allow you to easily unsubscribe from that event later. An event handler is never automatically unsubscribed.

If you look at your code, even though you declare and subscribe to the event in a function, the event you are subscribing to is on the class, so once subscribed it will always be subscribed even after the function exits. The other important thing to realize is that each time this function is called, it will subscribe to the event again. This is perfectly legal since events are essentially multicast delegates and allow multiple subscribers. (This may or may not be what you intend.)

In order to unsubscribe from the delegate before you exit the function, you would need to store the anonymous delegate in a delegate variable and add the delegate to the event. You should then be able to remove the delegate from the event before the function exits.

For these reasons, if you will have to unsubscribe from the event at some later point it is not recommended to use anonymous delegates. See How to: Subscribe to and Unsubscribe from Events (C# Programming Guide) (specifically the section titled "To subscribe to events by using an anonymous method").