See https://superuser.com/questions/435602/shortcut-in-windows-7-to-switch-between-same-applications-windows-like-cmd.
Scott's answer is the closest one I've found to doing this. To summarize what he said:
Win + n where n is the number position of the application in the TaskBar.
Then to cycle through, keep Win down and press n again.
(Updated thanks to @ZYinMD's comments - but also see their 1st comment)