On SQL Server, the sys.objects table includes \"Type\" and \"Type_Desc\" attributes. For example, for one of my DBs:
SELECT DISTINCT [Type], Type_Desc
FROM Sys.O
For SQL 2016 this is new:
SP = Security Policy
BOL has a complete list, but you can't join on that.
AF = Aggregate function (CLR)
C = CHECK constraint
D = DEFAULT (constraint or stand-alone)
F = FOREIGN KEY constraint
FN = SQL scalar function
FS = Assembly (CLR) scalar-function
FT = Assembly (CLR) table-valued function
IF = SQL inline table-valued function
IT = Internal table
P = SQL Stored Procedure
PC = Assembly (CLR) stored-procedure
PG = Plan guide
PK = PRIMARY KEY constraint
R = Rule (old-style, stand-alone)
RF = Replication-filter-procedure
S = System base table
SN = Synonym
SQ = Service queue
TA = Assembly (CLR) DML trigger
TF = SQL table-valued-function
TR = SQL DML trigger
TT = Table type
U = Table (user-defined)
UQ = UNIQUE constraint
V = View
X = Extended stored procedure
Going to the best SQL Server source for this info: sys.objects (Transact-SQL) it doesn't mention any table to join to. I can't say that I have ever noticed a codes table to join to for any of the systems tables or views.
I guess you'll have to create your own table or view, or just use the Type_Desc attribute in sys.objects.
I realise this is a bit old now, but for those looking for an answer, this is what I found.
select * from master..spt_values where type = 'O9T'