First things first:
If you are still having problems, there are two blog posts by the makers on how to set things up correctly.
First should work in most cases and requires zero-configuration other than a working xdebug install
Second details all of the configuration settings in detail
To 'see' the profile.ini
in the PHP Storm 'Select File' Dialog simply rightclick inside of it and choose 'Show hidden files' then (in WIn7) move to C:\Users\YOURUSERNAME\AppData\Roaming\Mozilla\Firefox
or the equivalent in your OS
Ensure that remote debugging is enabled in php.ini
xdebug.remote_enable = 1
Your server "192.168.56.128" should be in PHP-> Servers
Okay, there are three things I'd like to share with you. It's not the full recipe but the key ingredients that were first confusing me are:
The important sections to configure are "Servers" and "PHP Remote Debugging".
To configure "PHP Remote Debugging" you have to first add a new dataset using the [+] in the top left corner. The panel you get from just clicking on the "PHP R D"-button just keeps the default settings!
Absolute path regarding the VM actually means the absolute path starting from root (\mnt\hgfs\sf\Symfony). This was confusing to me cause I am still not sure why PhpStorm cares about directory levels above the shared folder. but it does.