I have pondered this myself in the context of item recommendation.
First, there is no problem with speed! JIT compiled javascript can be as fast as unoptimized C, especially for numeric code.
The bigger problem is that running javascript in the background will slow down the browser and therefore users may not like your website because it runs slowly.
There is obviously an issue of security, how can you verify the results?
And privacy, can you ensure sensitive data isn't compromised?
On top of this, it's quite a difficult thing to do. Can the number of visits you receive justify the effort that you'll have to put into it? It would be better if you could run the code transparently on either the server or client-side. Compiling other languages to javascript can help here.
In summary, the reason that it's not widespread is because developers' time is more valuable than server time. The risk of losing user data and the inconvenience to users outweighs the potential gains.