The short option rationale is documented in the POSIX Utility Conventions. Most options parsers allow the value to be 'attached' to the letter (-n10), mainly because of extensive historical precedent.
The long option rationale is specified by GNU in their Coding Standards and in the manual page for getopt_long().
Once upon a long time ago, in a StackOverflow of long ago, there was a question about command option styles. Not perhaps a good question, but I think the answers rescued it (but I admit to bias). Anyway, it has since been deleted, so I'm going to resuscitate my answer here because (a) it was a painful process to rediscover the answer and (b) it has useful information in it related to options.
How many different types of options do you recognize? I can think of many, including:
- Single-letter options preceded by single dash, groupable when there is no argument, argument can be attached to option letter or in next argument (many, many Unix commands; most POSIX commands).
- Single-letter options preceded by single dash, grouping not allowed, arguments must be attached (RCS).
- Single-letter options preceded by single dash, grouping not allowed, arguments must be separate (pre-POSIX SCCS, IIRC).
- Multi-letter options preceded by single dash, arguments may be attached or in next argument (X11 programs).
- Multi-letter options preceded by single dash, may be abbreviated (Atria Clearcase).
- Multi-letter options preceded by single plus (obsolete).
- Multi-letter options preceded by double dash; arguments may follow '=' or be separate (GNU utilities).
- Options without prefix/suffix, some names have abbreviations or are implied, arguments must be separate. (AmigaOS Shell, added by porneL)
Options taking an optional argument sometimes must be attached, sometimes must follow an '=' sign. POSIX doesn't support optional arguments meaningfully (the POSIX getopt() only allows them for the last option on the command line).
All sensible option systems use an option consisting of double-dash ('--') alone to mean "end of options" - the following arguments are "non-option arguments" (usually file names) even if they start with a dash. (I regard supporting this notation as an imperative.) Note that if you have a command cmd with an option -f that expects an argument, then if you invoke it with -- in place of the argument (cmd -f -- -other, many versions of getopt() will treat the -- as the file name for -f and then parse -other as regular options. That is, -- does not terminate the options if it has to be interpreted as an argument to another option.
Many but not all programs accept single dash as a file name to mean standard input (usually) or standard output (occasionally). Sometimes, as with GNU 'tar', both can be used in a single command line:
tar -cf - -F - | ...
The first solo dash means 'write to stdout'; the second means 'read file names from stdin'.
Some programs use other conventions — that is, options not preceded by a dash. Many of these are from the oldest days of Unix. For example, 'tar' and 'ar' both accept options without a dash, so:
tar cvzf /tmp/somefile.tgz some/directory
The dd command uses opt=value exclusively:
dd if=/some/file of=/another/file bs=16k count=200
Some programs allow you to interleave options and other arguments completely; the C compiler, make and the GNU utilities run without POSIXLY_CORRECT in the environment are examples. Many programs expect the options to precede the other arguments.
Modern programs such as git increasingly seem to use a base command name (git) followed by a sub-command (commit) followed by options (-m "Commit message"). This was presaged by the sccs interface to the SCCS commands, and then by cvs, and is used by svn too (and they are all version control systems). However, other big suites of commands adopt similar styles when it seems appropriate.
I don't have strong preferences between the different systems. When there are few enough options, then single letters with mnemonic value are convenient. GNU supports this, but recommends backing it up with multi-letter options preceded by a double-dash.
There are some things I do object to. One of the worst is the same option letter being used with different meanings depending on what other option letters have preceded it. In my book, that's a no-no, but I know of software where it is done.
Another objectionable behaviour is inconsistency in style of handling arguments (especially for a single program, but also within a suite of programs). Either require attached arguments or require detached arguments (or allow either), but do not have some options requiring an attached argument and others requiring a detached argument. And be consistent about whether '=' may be used to separate the option and the argument.
As with many, many (software-related) things — consistency is more important than the individual decisions.
Whatever you do, please, read the TAOUP's Command-Line Options and consider Standards for Command Line Interfaces. (Added by J F Sebastian — thanks; I agree.)
