C++ is a great language, but kind of heavy as a first language. Try python.
1) Where can I find source code
Reading code is harder than writing it. This is especially true of large, complex languages like C++. Without already knowing the intricacies of the language, you don't stand much chance of getting knowledge from the complex code others write in production. You're going to have to learn the very smallest parts first, on your own by writing it. As you learn c++, you will also learn programming.
2) What is a good litmus test on code's quality
There isn't one. That's not going to be an easy thing to learn, either. It comes from experience. But really, the way you know the good code from the bad, is that after you've had some time to familiarize yourself with the layout of a project, you can understand what any given piece does, after you look at it. Readable code has quality, whereas confusing code falls short.
Looking at other peoples code is a hard way to learn the basics. Find a tutorial on the net and get your feet wet that way. I'm sure there are many, fine printed books on the subject as well.
As you go, and get stuck or confused or lost, post questions here.