I was curious about this too, and here's what I found:
About Chrome's Javascript engine (v8):
- Garbage Collection in V8; For mobile and beyond
- V8 Internals: Building a High Performance JavaScript Engine
- Chrome V8 - Design Elements
About Firefox Javascript Engine (Spidermonkey):
- Spidermonkey Internals
- Spidermonkey is on diet
- IonMonkey: Mozilla’s new JavaScript JIT compiler
- Tracemonkey (obsolete JIT compiler, but however the article is still interesting)
About IE 9+ Javascript Engine (Chakra):
- Advances in JavaScript Performance in IE10 and Windows 8 - Internals of Chakra
About Safari Javascript engine (SquirrelFish):
- Announcing SquirrelFish
- Introducing SquirrelFish Extreme
General overview:
- JavaScript Engines: Under the Hood
- The Future of JavaScript Engines: Replace Them With JavaScript Compilers