The problem:
I need a device agnostic (e.g. HTML5) solution for storing and querying 250,000+ rows of data offline on a phone or tablet type device (e.g
I would checkout CouchBase Lite. It's a near full featured implementation of CouchDB that runs on Android and iOS.
iOS
Android
If you wrapped your App in something like PhoneGap you could create native HTML 5 apps for both platforms and you'd only have to do a tiny bit of Android/iOS specific programming to implement CouchDB.
Pros:
Cons: