Current setup: Virtualbox 5.1.20 with Vagrant 1.9.3
Previous working setup: Virtualbox 5.1.18 with Vagrant 1.9
Installing the vbguest plugin worked in my case with VirtualBox 5.2.6 and Vagrant 2.0.1:
vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest
Update
Fixed in VirtualBox 5.1.22.
(https://www.virtualbox.org/ticket/16670)
Original answer
In my case a symlink inside the VM was wrong. Log into the VM:
$ vagrant ssh
Then:
$ ls -lh /sbin/mount.vboxsf
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 49 Apr 19 14:05 /sbin/mount.vboxsf -> /opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-5.1.20/other/mount.vboxsf
This link is broken. When you look inside /opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-5.1.20/ you see that the subfolder "other" doesn't exists. This line fixes that:
$ sudo ln -sf /opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-*/lib/VBoxGuestAdditions/mount.vboxsf /sbin/mount.vboxsf
Now logout of the VM:
$ exit
And check if it works for you:
$ vagrant reload
But i can't fix the link because /sbin/mount.vboxsf does not exist inside my box!
If the link /sbin/mount.vboxsf does not exists in the first place, than the VBoxGuestAdditions couldn't be installed. This can happen if you have not downloaded the matching VirtualBox Extension Pack after you updated VirtualBox (v5.2.18 and up should download it automatically during Virtualbox updates). You can do that now:
If there was no update for the VirtualBox Extension, than it's possible the VBoxGuestAdditions can't be installed because the installer shows a message and the vagrant plugin vbguest can not prompt an answer (this is "fixed" in vbguest v0.15.0). You can see that in the output of "vagrant up". There should be a line similar to this one:
Do you wish to continue? [yes or no]
If that is the case you can run the installer manually. To do so, start the box:
$ vagrant up
Then trigger vbguest to try the installation again but leave the VBoxGuestAdditions ISO mounted afterwards:
$ vagrant vbguest --do install --no-cleanup
Log into the box:
$ vagrant ssh
Ran the installer manually:
$ sudo /mnt/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
A last hope: DIY!
If nothing of the above worked, try to install the guest additions manually:
cd /opt
sudo wget -c http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/5.1.28/VBoxGuestAdditions_5.1.28.iso -O VBoxGuestAdditions_5.1.28.iso
sudo mount VBoxGuestAdditions_5.1.28.iso -o loop /mnt
sudo sh /mnt/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run