You should be able to use the following with the UNPIVOT function:
select loanNumber,
amount,
amounttype
from #temp
unpivot
(
amount
for amounttype in (AmntType1, AmntType2, AmntType3)
) unp;
See SQL Fiddle with Demo.
Or because you are using SQL Server 2008 R2, this can also be written using CROSS APPLY
:
select loannumber,
amount,
amounttype
from #temp
cross apply
(
values
('AmntType1', AmntType1),
('AmntType2', AmntType2),
('AmntType3', AmntType3)
) c (amounttype, amount);
See SQL Fiddle with Demo