I have the coordinates of points of an empty cube just like down below:
What I would like to do is transform that cube to something like this:
Ther
Probably one of the most popular solutions to this problem is the Catmull-Clark Subdivision Surface Algorithm which is evulated recursively.
However, that this algorithm "does not approach an actual sphere as a sphere is quadric." Regardless, this algorithm will produce exactly what is in the image you attached. Also note: you would create a simple cube first and then deform it with subdivision, so you would start with 6 faces,
Example of 0 Degree Subdivision
and then a first degree subdivision would give you 24 faces,
Example of 1st degree subdivision
with each of the corner vertices translated towards the center to begin the spherical shape.
Draw grids on the faces cube and project every point that you need radially onto the sphere. Assuming the center of the cube at the origin, transform
(x, y, z) -> (x, y, z) / √(x² + y² + z²)