Nested function definitions and scope (UnboundLocalError)

Question

Why is the following code invalid:

def foo1(x=5):
    def bar():
        if x == 5:
            x = 6
        print(x)
    bar()

While this cod

Answer 1

Python needs first to detect what variables are local, and which variable are fetched from an outer scope. In order to do that it looks for assignments, like:

def foo1(x=5):
    def bar():
        if x == 5:
            x = 6 # an assignment, so local variable
        print(x)
    bar()

The point is, that the assignment can happen anywhere. For instance on the last line. Nevertheless, from the moment there is an assignment somewhere x is local. So in your first code fragment, x is a local variable. But you fetch it before it is assigned (bounded), so Python will error on it.

In python-3.x you can use the nonlocal keyword to access x from an outer scope:

def foo1(x=5):
    def bar():
        nonlocal x
        if x == 5:
            x = 6
        print(x)
    bar()

For python-2.x, you can for instance assign the variable to the function, like:

def foo1(x=5):
    def bar():
        if bar.x == 5:
            bar.x = 6
        print(bar.x)
    bar.x = x
    bar()

Note however that the two are not equivalent. Since in the former if you alter x, it will be alter the x in the foo1 scope as well. In the latter example you only modify bar.x. Of course if these are mutable objects, you alter the same object.