[removed] array plus number [duplicate]

Answer 1

ECMAScript 11.6.1 defines addition. Steps 5 and 6 of addition call ToPrimitive (9.1) for each operand and operate on those results:

• For an array (or any object), ToPrimative calls the toString method of the object. The result of calling toString on an empty array is the empty string (per the behavior described in 15.4.4.2.

• For a number, ToPrimitive returns the number (since numbers are already primitive).

We're left adding the empty string and the number 1. When either operand in addition is a string, the addition acts as a concatenation operation (per addition's step 7), so we end up with "" + "1" = "1".

Answer 2

[] are converted to an empty string due to + operator. so "" + 1 => "1" (number converted to string too)

Answer 3

Javascript's rules for addition between differeent types are as follows:

Given the following addition.

value1 + value2

To evaluate this expression, the following steps are taken (§11.6.1): Convert both operands to primitives (mathematical notation, not JavaScript):

prim1 := ToPrimitive(value1)
prim2 := ToPrimitive(value2)

PreferredType is omitted and thus Number for non-dates, String for dates. If either prim1 or prim2 is a string then convert both to strings and return the concatenation of the results.

Otherwise, convert both prim1 and prim2 to numbers and return the sum of the results.

Source

In this case the array gets converted to an empty string, and then the + performs string concatenation