This question is a duplicate of Windows Phone 8 template in Visual Studio 2013 Preview but since I haven't got the reputation to post a comment, I'll combine JP Hellemons' answer and my own to answer this specific question.
The Windows Phone SDK 8.0 only incorperates into Visual Studio 2012, even when Visual Studio 2013 is installed. To install the SDK for VS2012, we need to specify this during the initial installation of Visual Studio or do it afterwards by modifying the installation via Control Panel → Add or remove programs
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