Android Instant Apps documentation states in the restricted features section that it can not:
Run unverified software, run ar
You can use third-party libraries. What you can't do, for example, is download a binary from your server at runtime and run that.
An unofficial answer from an official Google representative was that with Instant Apps, unlike normal apps, there is no technical way to run downloaded code, or load classes dynamically. For normal apps, the restriction is written in Play Store Developer Policy, and is enforced only on Play Store via standard security monitoring procedures.
This statement:
Prepare your app > Restricted features
Run unverified software, run arbitrary native code, or load code dynamically other than the code provided by the Instant Apps runtime.
Refers to APKs, libraries, or code that is sideloaded, not packaged within the original apk.
unverified software
arbitrary native code
load code dynamically