What's the difference in notation for total participation and recursive relation?

Question

Does the double line in the following ER diagrams means total participation or recursive relation?

Answer 1

defination of total participation constraints: the participation of an entoty set E in the eelationship R is said to be a total if every entity in E participates in at least one relationship in R.

Answer 2

double line : Used to represent total participation of an entity in a relationship set.

A recursive relationship is one in which the same entity participates more than once in the relationship.

recursive relationship example : Suppose one team is assigned the task of supervising the other teams. This supervisor team makes sure that each team records its portion of the data. The supervision relationship is a recursive relationship because the same entity, a particular team, participates more than once in the relationship, as a supervisor and as a supervisee. To draw the situation, we label the two lines between team and supervision with the two possible roles

by this definitions all three above are total participation

Answer 3

Total Participation: Every entity in the set is involved in some association (or tuple) of the relationship.

Recursive Relationship: An entity set relating to itself.

Most commonly in recursive relationships they indicate the different types of roles an entity can have (e.g., the different ways it can participate) in a relationship by writing each role above each line.

An example of this would be in a Course table with a relational table of Prerequisites

A Course could be both the Prerequisite and the Course and you would write those on each line.

Here's another example.

Assuming your textbook follows a similar pattern, I would assume that these are in fact total participation constraints.